Volume 52, Issue 4-02 (2025)

  1. CONTRIBUTION OF STANDARDIZATION TO GLOBAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF STANDARDS FOR A GREEN FUTURE, IN THE WORLD AND IN TÜRKIYE.

    Authors: Ahmet Turan Hocaoğlu

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-06

    Year: 2025 Pages: 6-9

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    Abstract: Standardization is a global system that aims to provide quality, safety and efficiency in production and services. This process both accelerates economic development and makes significant contributions to sustainable development goals. Standardization plays a critical role in areas such as environmentally friendly production and energy efficiency, especially in the construction of a green world. The contributions of standardization to development worldwide and in Türkiye are examined in terms of economic, environmental and social dimensions. In this report, the benefits of standardization to development on a global and Turkish scale and its contributions to a green world will be discussed, supported by numerical data and graphics.

  2. ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS DIRECTIVE (EPBD) IN THE EU: A ROADMAP FOR AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Jabiyeva Aynur, Aliyev Elnur

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-10

    Year: 2025 Pages: 10-15

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    Abstract: The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is a critical EU policy aimed at increasing energy efficiency in buildings to reach climate neutrality by 2050. This directive sets nearly-zero energy standards for new constructions, encourages efficient renovations, and enforces the use of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) for transparency on energy usage. Through the integration of renewable energy and systematic monitoring, the EPBD aims to reduce both energy expenses and greenhouse gas emissions across the EU. For Azerbaijan, which aims to enhance energy security and reduce fossil fuel reliance, adopting EPBD principles presents an opportunity to boost the energy efficiency of its buildings. Yet, successful implementation will require an approach that considers Azerbaijan’s distinct climate, infrastructure, and economic context. This could include prioritizing energy-efficient design for new buildings, updating existing structures to improve efficiency, and introducing an EPC system to monitor energy consumption and encourage property upgrades. Azerbaijan could also benefit from awareness campaigns on energy-saving practices and financial incentives, like grants or tax breaks, to support energy-efficient renovations and renewable energy adoption in the building sector. Solar and wind energy integration, for instance, would reduce pressure on conventional energy sources while advancing the country’s energy security and sustainability goals. By adapting EPBD-aligned policies, Azerbaijan could achieve significant energy savings, lessen environmental impacts, and advance its climate goals. These improvements would contribute to Azerbaijan’s sustainable development strategy and align its practices with global standards on climate action. Through tailored building standards and energy-efficient practices, Azerbaijan has the potential to create a more sustainable future, reinforcing its commitment to reducing environmental impacts and supporting long-term energy resilience. This approach not only strengthens Azerbaijan’s national objectives but also aligns with broader global efforts toward environmental responsibility and climate adaptation.

    Keywords: Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, Environmental sustainability, Building sector renovation, Energy Performance Certificates, Greenhouse gas emissions

  3. THE ROLE OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

    Authors: Mirvari Ayaz Musayeva, Arzu Eldar Ibrahimova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-16

    Year: 2025 Pages: 16-21

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    Abstract: Total Quality Management (TQM) plays a key role in ensuring sustainable development in the food industry. TQM is focused on continuous improvement of all company processes and employee involvement at all levels, which contributes to the creation of high-quality products and minimization of negative impact on the environment. One of the most important goals of TQM is the integration of sustainable practices, including efficient use of resources, waste reduction, optimization of production processes, and the use of environmentally friendly technologies. Implementation of TQM allows companies to control every stage of the production cycle, improve the supply chain, and ensure compliance with strict environmental standards. In addition to environmental benefits, TQM helps companies improve their competitiveness, strengthen their reputation in the marketplace, and increase customer satisfaction. Food companies that use TQM demonstrate improved efficiency, reduced production costs, and compliance with regulatory requirements for product safety and quality. Implementing TQM also helps to create a culture of sustainability within organizations. Employees are given the opportunity to participate in optimization and solution development processes, which helps to strengthen their commitment to corporate sustainability goals. Thus, integrated quality management is an important tool that not only helps improve production processes, but also promotes sustainable practices in the food industry. It allows companies to achieve a balance between the economic, environmental and social aspects of their activities, which is especially important in the context of modern challenges related to climate change and resource depletion.

    Keywords: food, industry, Total Quality Management, competition, production, sustainable, improvement

  4. DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCONTROLLER PROTECTION SYSTEM OF POWER TRANSFORMERS.

    Authors: Yusifov Samad İmamali, Cafarzadeh Turana Akbar

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-22

    Year: 2025 Pages: 22-28

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    Abstract: The protection of power transformers is a highly intricate issue in the transmission network of the power system. As minimizing the frequency and duration of unwanted interruptions is crucial, there is a significant demand on the protective relays of power transformers. Different protection principles have been suggested and implemented to safeguard transformers from various fault types. Relays that operate based on overcurrent, overcurrent, and overheat principles protect transformers from overloads and external conditions. Differential relays provide protection against internal transformer faults. This study explains and designs the software and hardware of a relay system based on microcontroller, and also presents the system design and testing process. Power transformers are crucial and costly elements in electrical power systems. They can occasionally experience issues due to atmospheric disturbances and transient surges. These issues include internal, that is, faults between parts of the coils, external, that is, external short circuits, overvoltage, overcurrent. This work outlines the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based system for protecting a power transformer. The system consists of devices for internal fault current, magnetizing current, differential protection, overcurrent protection, overvoltage protection and undervoltage protection. In this article, the design of a microcontroller based relay for power transformer protection will be considered. Percentage differential protection, overcurrent and external fault protection, overvoltage and undervoltage protection have been implemented. In the first quarter of the primary current, the rate of change of primary current versus time method is adopted to separate the internal faults of the primary current wave from the current, which depends on the high differential effect of the magnetizing current wave. Protection in power systems is critically significant issue in electric power system design. Electrical power components must be protected from hazardous defects. That is driven by the need to extend component lifespan, reduce unnecessary costs, minimize the frequency of component replacements, and maintain a continuous power supply to support the growing demands of the economy. Therefore this project attempts to design a microcontroller based system that will intelligently monitor faults and offer a safety measure to protect the power transformer in case of power overload. The microcontroller relay has real-time data monitoring, abnormal condition detection, and fast processing speed. The microcontroller relay acts as a multi-function relay. Thus, it further reduces installation costs and maintenance costs. Microcontroller relay is the latest development for all types of faults. So, a microcontroller-based relay is used to protect the power transformer. Correct acceptance and operation of protective relays requires fairly accurate reproduction of abnormal and normal conditions in the power system. This information enters power systems usually through a Current Transformer and a Voltage Transformer.

    Keywords: Power transformer protection, starting current, differential protection, current transformer, voltage transformer, interest differential protection

  5. ISO 50001 ENERGY MANAGEMENT: UNLOCKING ENERGY EFFICIENCY POTENTIAL IN AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Jabiyeva Aynur Jamal, Salimova Laman Elchin

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-29

    Year: 2025 Pages: 29-33

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    Abstract: ISO 50001 provides a valuable framework for organizations looking to enhance energy management, leading to cost reductions and improved energy efficiency. In Azerbaijan, where energy demand continues to grow, there is significant potential for optimizing energy consumption across various sectors. This article looks at the opportunities and challenges of adopting ISO 50001 in Azerbaijan, particularly in industries where effective energy management can make a big difference. The benefits of implementing ISO 50001 are clear. Organizations can see reduced energy usage, cost savings, and an increased commitment to sustainability. However, several challenges may affect how well this framework can be applied. For instance, existing regulatory structures might complicate the adoption of standardized energy practices, and economic constraints could limit the necessary investments for implementing energy-efficient measures. Additionally, there is a need to develop technical expertise in energy management, as local skills are still growing. To address these obstacles, Azerbaijan can learn from international examples where ISO 50001 has been successfully implemented. Creating supportive government policies that promote energy efficiency and fostering cooperation with the private sector can help create an environment conducive to adopting ISO standards. For example, offering financial incentives, such as tax breaks or grants for organizations that adopt energy management systems, could stimulate interest and participation. Furthermore, investing in training programs for professionals in energy management will help build local expertise. By taking these actions, Azerbaijan can move toward more sustainable energy use, benefiting both its economy and the environment. With the adoption of ISO 50001, the country can achieve significant energy savings, lower its carbon footprint, and work towards broader goals of energy security and sustainable development. This proactive approach not only aligns with global trends but also positions Azerbaijan as a committed participant in international efforts to enhance energy efficiency and address climate change.

    Keywords: ISO 50001, Barriers to energy efficiency, Azerbaijan energy sector, Energy management, Energy efficiency

  6. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE "FOREST" LANDSCAPE COMPONENT USING THE "DECISION TREE" TECHNOLOGY

    Authors: Ismayilov Ismayil, Surkhayli Sanan, Izzetova Ravana

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-34

    Year: 2025 Pages: 34-40

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    Abstract: Climate change is expected to become significantly evident in the coming decades, leading to impacts such as population challenges, hindrances in agricultural development, soil salinization, river depletion, and an increase in natural disasters. Climate, as a fundamental element of environmental factors, plays a critical role in the development of the global economy, and its changes can result in profound socio-economic and political consequences. As a result of various natural and anthropogenic influences, landscape components, water bodies, soil cover, pastures and meadows, agricultural lands, forests, and dense vegetation areas can be damaged. Sudden climate changes are known to have a strong negative impact on the flora and fauna of affected areas. Considering these factors, the analysis of data derived from processing satellite information reflecting abrupt climate variability in various regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan through soft computing methods holds significant scientific and practical relevance. The article emphasizes the relevance of studying the interdependence of various climate parameters (distribution of solar radiation, air temperature up to two meters in height, soil surface temperature, absolute humidity up to two meters in height, precipitation amount, atmospheric pressure, wind speed at two meters, and relative humidity of the soil surface down to five centimeters) and their impact on landscapes using Artificial Intelligence. In the modern era, soft computing technologies are utilized to solve complex problems of a nature that cannot be addressed by traditional computational methods. Such problems include the analysis of abrupt climate changes. Soft Computing provides tools to manage uncertainties in the real world. Due to its dynamic and multi-dimensional nature, soft computing models serve as invaluable tools for tackling complex real-world problems. They are applied across numerous industrial and research fields. As a result of applying the Decision Tree tool of Artificial Intelligence to the forested areas of the Guba-Khachmaz economic region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the most influential climate parameters for "Small," "Medium," and "Large" forest areas were identified. The article investigates the impact of certain key climate parameters on the "forest" landscape component of the Guba-Khachmaz economic region using Artificial Intelligence. The analysis utilized the ArcGIS software package, employing data on the areas of the "forest" landscape component (in square kilometers) calculated for the months of July from 1987 to 2022.

    Keywords: climate change, landscape, landscape components, forests, artificial intelligence, soft computing, decision tree

  7. REMOTE CONTROL OF THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF OBJECTS TAKING, INTO ACCOUNT EXTERNAL FACTORS

    Authors: Bakirova Lala, Bunyatova Elvira

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-41

    Year: 2025 Pages: 41-48

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    Abstract: The article considers methods for remote control of the surface temperature of objects, taking into account external factors - both internal and external factors, and the influence of external factors when remotely controlling the surface temperature of objects. To remotely control the surface temperature, 3 platforms of remote control - ground platforms (cranes, towers, etc.), air platforms (helicopters, airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles, and drones,) and space platforms (spaceships, geostationary satellites, polar-orbiting satellites) and modern sensors controlling these platforms were used. An overview was presented, many types were considered, their classification, application areas, and characteristics were described, advantages and disadvantages were analyzed, and factors controlling surface temperatures such as altitude, latitude, relief, air mass circulation ocean currents, and wind were considered. Among the remote control sensors, remote temperature and thermal infrared sensors were used as the most appropriate sensors, and surface temperature readings were obtained with their help. A complex block diagram and algorithmic model were proposed to measure the surface temperature of objects and control the temperature. The application areas and operating principles of remote temperature sensors were considered, compared with other temperature sensors, their advantages and disadvantages compared to other sensors were analyzed, and the issues that form the basis of their work were considered. These proposed sensors can work with remote surfaces in a wide range and allow measuring high temperatures from long distances, reading information quickly before the measurements begin, obtaining more accurate information, and providing accurate information, increasing the accuracy of measuring surface temperature with remote temperature sensors without contact with the controlled object and from a long distance, and controlling the surface temperature of the object quickly and with high accuracy.

    Keywords: object, surface temperature of objects, remote control, external factors, remote temperature sensors, contact temperature sensors, contactless temperature sensors, infrared sensors

  8. AUTOMATED AUDITING OF FUTURE-PROOF SECURITY STANDARDS OF BIG DATA-BASED SYSTEMS

    Authors: Bakhshali Bakhtiyarov, AynurbJabiyeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-49

    Year: 2025 Pages: 49-55

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    Abstract: This article is dedicated to SCAP (Security Content Automation Protocol) technology and relates to other important security standards that are an essential part of modern information security. SCAP is a set of standardized protocols and tools used to assess, monitor and report on the security state of an IT infrastructure. Big Data systems are also of particular importance in this context, as systems based on big data are increasingly used and the security of these systems plays a critical role. The paper examines the main components of SCAP, including the CVE, CCE, CPE and OVAL subprotocols, and analyzes their functionality. Practical uses of the SCAP tool such as vulnerability detection, configuration management and compliance testing are discussed. The application of these tools is especially important in Big Data systems, where the risks arising from the abundance and variety of data are increasing. The application of SCAP technology provides a useful tool for identifying vulnerabilities in these systems and taking appropriate action. SCAP’s compliance with international standards such as ISO 27001 is examined in detail. The paper discusses how SCAP can contribute to compliance with 27001 requirements, particularly in the areas of risk management, asset management and security controls. For Big Data systems, this compliance is even more important because security issues in these systems are not only related to data storage but also to data processing and transmission. It also highlights how SCAP can be integrated with other security frameworks such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and PCI DSS. As Big Data systems often run on cloud-based and distributed infrastructure, integrating SCAP with these frameworks allows for more secure systems by unifying various security protocols and rules.

    Keywords: SCAP (Security Content Automation Protocol), Big Data systems, International Security standards, CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures), Configuration Management, ISO 27001

  9. USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR A SUSTAINABLE GREEN FUTURE

    Authors: Abbasova Sakina, Murtazalieva Zumrud, Medzhidova Sevinj, Leonyuk Irina

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-56

    Year: 2025 Pages: 56-61

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    Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems of using artificial intelligence in projects of a sustainable green future. First, the main goals (standards) of the development area of a sustainable green future approved by the UN General Assembly are explained. These standards also serve as a mechanism for implementing the main goals of "green" design and regulators for the creation of environmentally friendly objects. Then, a number of aspects of using artificial intelligence in green technologies, as well as in the creation of "smart" objects, are considered

    Keywords: Sustainable future, green technologies, smart objects, artificial intelligence

  10. METROLOGY AND LEGAL BASIS FOR ENSURING THE UNIFORMITY OF MEASUREMENTS

    Authors: Matyakubova Parahat, Nazarbayeva B.A, Sheina N.E

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-62

    Year: 2025 Pages: 62-64

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    Abstract: This article examines the role of metrology and legal support for the uniformity of measurement. It considers the importance of metrology as a science of measurements, specifies the basic terms and principles, such as calibration, verification and use of standards. It also emphasizes the importance of national legislation and international standards in ensuring the comparability of measurements at the global level. The study aims to identify key points that contribute to improving the quality of measurements and increasing confidence in the results, which is fundamental for scientific research and practice.

    Keywords: metrology, calibration of measuring instruments, legal basis, ensuring the uniformity of measurements, national legislation

  11. ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

    Authors: Matyakubova Parakhat, Rakhmatullayev Sarvar

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-66

    Year: 2025 Pages: 66-69

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    Abstract: This article briefly discusses the current relevance of determining the activity indicator of hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions, the analysis of temperature-dependent changes in solutions prepared based on international OIML R 54 recommendations for calibrating pH measuring instruments and determining the pH scale for aqueous solutions.

    Keywords: pH indicator of hydrogen ion activity, pH scale, buffer solution, OIML R 54, TC 17/SC 3 P1

  12. METROLOGICAL SUPPORT IN STANDARDIZATION

    Authors: Matyakubova Parakhat

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-70

    Year: 2025 Pages: 70-74

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    Abstract: This article examines the role of the metrological service and metrological support in the standardization system. It describes the history of metrology development, from ancient civilizations to modern trends such as nanometrology and biometrology. The functions and tasks of the metrological service are described in detail, including the development of measurement methods, calibration and verification of measuring instruments, personnel training and measurement quality control. It also discusses the importance of metrological support for improving product quality, reducing costs and complying with regulatory requirements. The article focuses on the key role of accurate measurements in increasing the competitiveness of products and the safety of technological processes. Particular attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of metrology and harmonization of standards, which contributes to the development of world trade and scientific and technological progress. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the increasing importance of the metrological service in the context of globalization and accelerated technological development.

    Keywords: Metrology, metrological service, metrological support, standardization, measurement accuracy, calibration, verification, international standards, nanometrology, biometrology, product quality, measurement traceability, quality control, international cooperation

  13. THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Sevinj Bashirova, Khuraman Mammadova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-75

    Year: 2025 Pages: 75-78

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    Abstract: Energy transformation and the use of renewable energy sources are of great importance within the framework of Azerbaijan's Sustainable Development Goals . In particular, is a transition to renewable power sources is essential to achieve the goals of combating climatic change, ensuring energy security and protecting the environment. This helps to maintain economic and ecological balance. The main objective of the thesis is to analyze the role of renewable power sources (RES) in energy sector of Azerbaijan and to study the development prospects of this sector. This study emphasizes the importance of RES for the country's economic, environmental and energy security. At the same time, the existing energy potential and resources in Azerbaijan are assessed, and potential problems and opportunities related to their use are assessed. Azerbaijan has great potential in terms of wind, solar and hydropower sources. In particular, there are favorable conditions for wind energy on the Absheron Peninsula and solar power in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Renewable energy development sources can reduce the country's dependence on energy imports and reduce carbon emissions while maintaining the ecological balance. There are a number of factors that hinder the expansion of alternative energy sources in Azerbaijan. These include the lack of technology and infrastructure, investment requirements and the need to improve the regulatory and legal framework. In order to accelerate the development of renewable energy sources in Azerbaijan, state support, technological innovations and the creation of favorable conditions for investors are essential. At the same time, cooperation with international organizations and investors is important. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis development of renewable sources of energy in Azerbaijan and the importance of these sources in the country's energy policy. In Azerbaijan, modernization in various sectors of the economy involves increasing environmental sustainability and social well-being. In this context, is the use of alternative energy sources of great importance. In addition to Azerbaijan's rich natural resources, renewable sources like the sun solar, wind and hydropower is decisive in diversifying the country's energy policy and achieving sustainable development. The use of alternativ energy sources contributes to the development of technological innovations in Azerbaijan and the creation of new jobs in the energy sector. With the increase in solar panels, wind turbines, the demand for energy storage technologies is increasing. This leads to more efficient use of energy and an increase in the country's technological potential.

    Keywords: energy, solar, wind, hydropower, environmental, climate

  14. LEVERAGING BIG DATA FOR ENHANCING BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: A PATH TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND IMPROVED HEALTHCARE

    Authors: Azimli Sadiq, Jabiyeva Aynur

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei5204-022025-79

    Year: 2025 Pages: 79-83

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    Abstract: This paper explores the application of big data in medicine and biomedical research. It presents examples that demonstrate how the analysis of large datasets can effectively address healthcare challenges and highlights promising areas for the use of Big Data in medicine.

    Keywords: Big Data sources, Big Data analysis, personalized medicine, wearable diagnostic electronics, biomarker, 3D digital medicine