Volume 12, Issue 1 (2022)

  1. STUDY OF THE EFFECT DEGREE OF DEHYDRATİON OF OILS ON THE RHEOLOGİCAL PARAMETERS

    Authors: Vali Nurullayev, Mehpara Adigozalova, Reyhan Nurmammadova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202204

    Year: 2022 Pages: 4-13

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    Abstract: As already mentioned, in the processes of extraction, storage and transportation of oils, they mix with each other or with water, which leads to changes in their rheological and physicochemical properties. The oils entering the refining and transportation stages are subject to strict requirements in terms of the amount of water, sulfur, chlorine salts and mechanical impurities in a number of indicators that determine their quality characteristics. Different types of oils have different qualities depending on the density and percentage of sulfur. It is these indicators that greatly affect the quality of oil and its selling price. High-viscosity oils with high density are usually not supplied to terminals and general purpose pipelines. To transport such oils, better quality, lighter oil or gas condensate is added to them. Oils with a high percentage of sulfur should also be refined or mixed with light oil or condensate. Mixing of different quality commercial oils can occur both in terminals and in transportation systems. The analysis shows that the quality of the mixture obtained is very different from the quality of the mixed oils. Given very little study of how the mixing of different types of liquefied oils affects their rheological, physicochemical properties and quality indicators, rotoviscosimetric rheological studies and physicochemical analyzes were performed in the laboratory for different mixtures of rheological complex oils and wetting rates. Mixing of different types of oil usually occurs when there are not enough tanks in the fields where acceptance operations take place. Sometimes different oils are injected into the same jaw in sequence and separately, without accounting. In such cases, the measurements made on the oil at the receiving points are different from the calculated price. Information on quality indicators of crude oils and their mixtures produced in mines (density, viscosity, freezing point, mechanical mixtures, chlorine salts, asphaltene, paraffin, amount of resins, etc.) It is also important for forecasting the operating modes of stations. In the existing normative documents and literature, as a rule, the definition of the main quality indicators of oils and their mixtures is based on established rules and dependencies. The study of the effect of mixing of different types of heterogeneous oils of Azerbaijan on their rheological and physical-chemical properties shows that the additive rule can lead to serious errors in the process of determining the predicted parameters, as many properties of complex oil mixtures are taken from calculations for ideal mixtures. Laboratory studies were conducted for individual oil samples, their different mixtures and degree of dehydration, oil and condensate, as well as mixtures of various types of light petroleum products, and the experimental results were analyzed. In the laboratory, the effect of the degree of dehydration of high-viscosity heavy oils taken from wells 43 (0%), 28 (15%), 37 (40%) and the storage tank of the "Jafarli" field of the "Muradkhanli" IPC on their rheological properties was studied. has been. All of the studied oils are high-viscosity, heavy oils and differ in the amount of water, mechanical impurities and chlorine salts they contain. Thus, the oil of well No. 43 was without water, and the oil of wells No. 28 and 37 had a water content of 15 and 40%, respectively. Most mechanical impurities (2.1%) were in well oil No 28, and most chlorine salts were in well oil No 37. Irrigation of the considered oil samples was artificially increased and their rheological parameters (γ ̇ and τ) were determined in the “Reotest-2” viscometer under different conditions at different irrigation levels. The increase in viscosity at small values of the velocity gradient at a certain degree of dehydration of wetting has led to a rapid decrease in the shear stress at large values. It was determined that the maximum value of the degree of dispersion of oils in water or the degree of saturation, indicating the saturation limit, was 70-80%, 40%, and 80% for mixed oil, respectively, for samples taken from wells 28, 37 and 43.

    Keywords: oil, mixed oil, mechanical mixture, degree of dehydration, rheological parameters

  2. DIAGNOSTICS OF THE OPTIMAL OPERATING MODES OF GAS TURBINE COMPRESSOR STATIONS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES

    Authors: Gulbala Alasgarov, Alovsat Baghirov, Shahriyar Baghirov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202214

    Year: 2022 Pages: 14-28

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    Abstract: The article is dedicated to the analysis of the influence of the seasonally changing ambient temperature on the technological parameters of the compression process at a gas turbine compressor station for the transportation of natural and associated gas collected from oil and gas fields by an offshore subsea gas pipeline. As a result of the analysis, indicators of suction and discharge pressure, compressor capacity, ambient temperature during the summer and winter months were collected at each stage of a multi-unit two-stage compressor station. The indicators were divided into intervals, the number of measurements in the interval was determined, and graphs of the dependence of the number of measurements on the average value of the interval were built. As a result of the analysis of the graphs, the complex influence of technological parameters and ambient temperature on the performance of gas turbine compressors was evaluated. To compare the results and study the effect of the parameters on the operating mode and efficiency of the compressor station, the numerical value of the criterion as the ratio of the maximum number of measurements to the average value of the corresponding interval for each parameter was calculated. For both 1st- and 2nd-stage compressors, the value of this criterion for productivity was found to be almost twice as low in winter compared to summer. For this reason, there is a need to develop measures that can ensure the operation of the compressor station in the optimal operating mode. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in the 1st stage gas turbine compressors, due to increase of the inlet pressure, which is a positive factor for the compressor, by 16.4% (from 58 psi to 67.5 psi) in summer compared to winter, and due to the increase of the outlet pressure, which is the negative factor, by 0.9% (from 285 psi to 288 psi) and an increase in ambient temperature of 36o F (from 42o F to 80.5o F), the productivity is decreased by 15.2% (from 40.15 MMSCFD to 34.05 MMSCFD) to). In 2nd-stage gas turbine compressors, due to no change of the inlet pressure, which is a positive factor for the compressor, in summer, compared to winter (273 psi in both cases), and due to the decrease of the outlet pressure, which is a negative factor, by 0.2% (from 807.5 psi to 805.5 psi. ) and an increase in ambient temperature of 36o F (from 42o F to 80.5o F), productivity decreased by 10.1% (from 49.05 MMSCFD to 44.05 MMSCFD). Thus, 10.1% of the 15.2% decrease in the productivity of gas turbine compressors in the summer season is due to the increase in ambient temperature, while the remaining 5.1% is due to the organization of technological processes. Taking into account this factor in the field, the selection of the correct technological mode in the gas transportation system allows to prevent the loss of large amounts of gas. Taking into account the design features of gas turbine compressor units, it is concluded that the 10.1% decrease in productivity in the 2nd stage gas turbine compressors in the background of the constant no-change of compressor inlet and outlet pressures in summer and winter is due to automatic decrease in RPM of gas turbines from nominal 15000 cycles/min and thus the decrease of the power of gas turbines due to the overload in summer. Considering the fact that each turbine consumes 30,000 m3 of fuel gas per day, the 360,000 m3 gas per day for fuel at the station is taken from the outlet of the 2nd stage gas turbine compressors, and these turbines are overloaded, the fuel gas is considered to be taken from another source. By feeding all the turbines of the station from the outlet of the 1st stage compressors, it is possible to reduce the load on the interstage collector of the station, increase the productivity of the 1st stage compressors and direct the gas compressed by the 2nd stage compressors to the whole outlet pipeline. As a result of this technological operation, an additional 200,000-250,000 m3 of gas per day can be transported through the compressor station. This technique is recommended for multivariate analysis of various technological processes. As a result of the study, a technological scheme was proposed for increasing the productivity of a gas turbine compressor station by 3-4% by changing the source of fuel gas extraction.

    Keywords: gas turbine, compressor, natural gas pressure, ambient temperature, productivity, fuel gas, statistical method

  3. STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION OF SLAP PARTS FROM PLASTIC MATERIALS WORKING IN OIL-MINING EQUIPMENT

    Authors: Aytan Movsumova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202229

    Year: 2022 Pages: 29-33

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    Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the technology of preparation of smooth parts prepared of plastic materials working in oil-field equipment. The strengh of smooth part sin oil-field equipment,the collection of plastic parts, as well as complex properties are studied. Due to the fact that the components of plastic materials have high performance indicators,the usual processing methods are used by preparing them in various constructions. This shows that in the chemical environment,the items prepared of plastic materilas are electrically conductive,heat-resistant additives. This problem is especially important in the use of structures made of plastic materilas,which are widely used in oilfield equipment,and parts made of diferent types of heterogeneous materials.Their quality is formed in the process of design and construction. Ensuring the quality of components made of thermoplastic and thermosetting material sin the production process can be considered a topical issue.If we look at the pros and cons of the plastic materials quality management sector: It is possible to point out to the interested parties whether the existence of processing facilities has not been initiated for collection and segregation. On the downside, the existing standarts do not meet internaitonal standards and we can note that there are technological problems. Plastic materials are superior to metal sin many respects. Their quality indicators,the accuracy,strengh,level of cleanliness,ensure reliability and durability. The production and acquisition of new types of plastic mass is in the focus of attention of many research centers in the world’s leading countries. Soviet scientists were the first to invert endless screwredcers made of plastic. These examples are 10 times cheaper than in previous years, and 5-6 times light. For example, in Russia Karajoyev plastic plant, Lyubucevsk plastic plant, etc. such as large plastic plants are currently operating. Currently, the industry cannot be imagined without plastic mass. We can call the twentieth century the polymer century. The appliciation of plastic materials of plastic materials has many advantages in industry. For example,duet o its low weight and thermal and electrical conductivity,it is used in industries in developed countires. They also have high static and dynamic properties. The advantage of the dynamic feature is the application of plastic material sin areas such as radio engineering and electrical engineering. Examples of areas where smooth parts made of plastics are applied include machine building, aviation, petrochemistry, missile technology and instrument making. Smooth parts made of plastic materials have high reliability, durability and longevity.İn developed countiries, 40-50 percent of the materials used in mechanical engineering,instrument making and other industries are plastics of various brands,Plastics are easy to-process,low-cost and durable parts. Smooth parts made of plastics have high reliability, durability and longevity. The article analyzes the operation of plastic mass components,the analysis of the technology of production of smooth parts made of plastic materials used in oilfield equipment,as well as their strengh and reliability.

    Keywords: Plastic material, quality indicators, thermoset materials, performance indicators

  4. DEFORMATİON DURABİLİTY - ADJUSTABLE BUFFERİNG BARRİER OF THE BOTTOM HOLE AREA

    Authors: Alesker Jabarov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202234

    Year: 2022 Pages: 34-40

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    Abstract: The final stage of development and operation of oil fields is accompanied by many problems, one of which is the most characteristic, the complications due to the intensive flow of sand from the reservoir to the bottom hole. As the liquid seeps through the rocks from poor collector properties, its skeleton collapses in the bottom hole zone and sand grains begin to flow into the bottom hole. Sand particles accumulate in the bottom hole zone and formation of sand plugs which reduces the productivity of the well and in most cases completely stops its operation. The formation of sand plugs is more pronounced in the final stages of field development. At the moment, due to the sand plugs in the wells, they often stop for repairs, which reduces of the time between repairs and increases the over-all operating costs. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues facing oil workers is to study the causes of sand plugs, to investigate the processes taking place in the plug zone and to develop effective methods to combat sand by analyzing the operation of such wells. If the sand completely closes the filter of the production casing and as a result the flow of liquid to the bottom hole is completely stopped, such a complication can be eliminated by either washing the bottom hole or strengthening the well hole zone. However, in many cases this technology does not work or is not cost-effective. At present, the measures taken against oil accumulation in oil wells, sand in the well hole zone (using small sized lifting pipes, mounting of special tails, injection of liquid into the annulus, mounting of sand anchors at the entry of deep well pump, strengthening of the well hole zone, etc.) are somewhat justified and still does not give the desired result. Due to the problems caused by the sand plug, the repair time of the wells is reduced and the operating costs continue to increase. Colmatization of mechanical mixtures in the wellbore area, contamination of the wellbore, increased vibrations and more intensive wear of the equipment inside the well create serious complications. Despite the widespread use of rod depth pumps, their operation in sand wells is complicated. As a result, the voltage on the rods and the electric motor increases, the rods are stretched, broken, the pliers are idle, the electric motor is overloaded, and so on. occurs. If the reservoir consists of grains of sand and brittle sandstones, then in such wells there is an intensive occurrence of sand. Grains of sand increase the number of routine and workover operations in the well, gradually reducing oil production. This creates various deformations and difficulties in the production line. The pipeline has been undergoing major repairs for a long time. To avoid this, the technology of measures is carried out in the following sequence:  The aggregate is mixed with cement powder and water to prepare the grouting slurry;  A special volume of cement slurry, calculated using the pumping unit, is pumped into the hole and stored there until complete solidification;  The solution applied to the layer hardens and cements the grains of sand together. As a result of the measure, the grains of sand at the bottom of the well are strengthened with each other, and the number of sand manifestations in the well is reduced. If a sand plug forms in the filtering part of the well, the lower part of the installation experiences more back pressure than the upper part. For this reason, the outflow of fluid from the lower parts of the reservoir occurs at a pressure lower than the pressure in the well. A sharp decrease in the flow rate of the well occurs due to the accumulation of sand grains in the well and the formation of sand plugs in the pipes of the elevator. The length of pipes covered with sand plugs increases many times. Thus, due to the fact that the permeability of the sand plug is several times higher than the permeability of the reservoir, due to the large difference in the cross-sectional area of the perforated part of the well and the pipe, hydraulic losses during the movement of liquid (oil) through the sand plug are comparable to possible. During the entire life of the wells, the wellbore area is subject to shocks and periodic loads, which affects the quality of the sand barrier created in this area. In this regard, the issue of developing special buffering systems for wells subject to significant dynamic loads, which can ensure the integrity of the cement barrier in the wellbore area, is relevant. Experimental studies have been conducted in the laboratory to create a more efficient fastening technology in the wellbore area. As a result of laboratory studies, cement, natural zeolite and chloride as a material that prevents the collapse of the cement barrier in the wellbore area and limits the appearance of sand an aqueous solution of acid ( ) was proposed.

    Keywords: sand, pump, mechanical particles, coagulation, nanoparticles, hydrochloric acid, deformation resistance, dynamic loads

  5. STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS AND ASPHALTENE-RESİN-PARAFFINE COMPOUNDS

    Authors: Vali Nurullayev, Bуybala Usubaliyev, Gusein Gurbanov, Zeynab Abdullayeva, Hasanova Matanat

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202241

    Year: 2022 Pages: 41-52

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    Abstract: Studies of the rheological properties of oil during transportation depending on the content of resinous components and on the intensity of asphalten-rezin-parphine deposits (ARPD). Exploitation and development of heavy oil fields requires the use of non-traditional methods of their extraction, collection and transportation by pipeline. The rheological properties of the oil are used as the primary source information for design and operation issues during field development and subsequent pipeline transportation. In practice, chemical, thermal and mechanical methods are often used together to clean the ARPD. In this case, the technological and economic effect is achieved as a result of the complete elimination of ARPD and the acceleration of the process. It is important to follow safety rules when using chemical methods in combination with mechanical and thermal methods. One of the main tasks of rheological research is to determine the relationship between the force acting on the environment under study and the deformation forces that occur under the influence of this force. The results of experimental studies of low-paraffinic and high-paraffinic oils show that the presence in the oil of a dispersed system of asphaltenes and resins can lead to depressant effects. In the process of completing the graduation qualification work were overview of ARPD, mechanism of formation and factors, influencing the formation of ARPD. Detailed description is given existing ARPD control technologies with results of pilot tests at various fields and presented comparative analysis of control methods. The study revealed the most effective technologies for prevention and removal of asphalt-resin-paraffin sediments, as well as proposed improvement of one of the methods combating ARPD. The conclusion concluded on the prospects of application technologies during operation of complicated well stock Azerbaijani. These technologies are useful for fields with high content of asphalt-resin-paraffin substances in oil, which leads to a decrease in production of well products. Effective viscosity and tensile strength were measured in a rotary rheometer REOTEST-2 using a measuring system in accordance with GOST 26581-85. The results of electron microscopic studies of the oil sample extracted from the Balakhani field show that only with the addition of BAF-1 reagent, the asphaltene-resin-paraffin associations are completely dissolved and dissolved in the volume of oil. According to the obtained results, it was found that asphalteno-resinous components are natural depressants that reduce the crystallization temperature of paraffin depending on the type of oil. Difron-4201 and BAF-1 were used in different proportions as additives in the article. BAF-1 and Difron 4201 reagents were added to the 1:1:1 ratio of paraffin-resin-asphaltene mixture in Balakhani heavy oil, respectively, in a 1:1 ratio of Difron 4201 and BAF-1 reagents. As a result of the 1:1 ratio of Difron 4201 and BAF-1 reagents to the mixture, the uniform distribution of parasite-resin-asphaltene asociates was observed, which is one of the main conditions for improving the oil relog. The effect of Difron-4201 and BAF-1 additives on the properties of the oil sample extracted from the higher paraffin Bulla field was studied. Difron-4201 and BAF-1 composites consisting of a 1:1 mixture were found to be more effective among the studied ARD additives, which reduces the freezing temperature of the oil sample in the range of 200-800 kg/ton. The optimal density of Difron-4201 and BAF-1 composites was determined to be 600 kg/ton. Similar studies were conducted on Balakhani heavy and Surakhani oil samples. After exposure of BAF-1 and Difron-4201 to resin-asphaltene-paraffin compounds separated from Bulla and Balakhani oil samples by their additives, their electron microscopic studies were studied. According to the research, it is more expedient to use a composite made of a mixture of reagents BAF-1 and Difron-4201 to improve the rheological properties of paraffin, resin, asphaltene oils.

    Keywords: viscosity, asphaltene, resin, paraffin, association, additive, Difron-4201, BAF-1

  6. STUDY OF TOXICITY OF L-THYROXIN IMMOBILIZED CHITOSAN AND THE NATURE OF DRUG-POLYMER INTERACTION

    Authors: Samira Safaraliyeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei2101202253

    Year: 2022 Pages: 53-61

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    Abstract: It is known that L-thyroxine is used as a hormone substitute after goiter surgery. L-thyroxine contains sodium salt of levothyroxine, a synthetic substitute for the hormone of thyroxine. Absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract is 48-79%. Its maximum concentration in plasma is reached after about 6 hours after acceptance. Levothyroxine, which is delivered mainly in combination with plasma proteins, is used in the liver, brain and muscles. Monoiodination of approximately 80% of sodium levothyroxine in various tissues occurs with the formation of triiodothyronine and inactive products. The half-life of the drug is 6-7 days. Approximately 15% of the drug is excreted unchanged by the kidneys and bile and in combination with conjugates. Frequent use of the drug is accompanied by an increase in its side effects. In this regard, it is necessary to create new forms in the blood that regulate the long-term therapeutic concentration of the drug. Polymer carriers play a very important role at this stage. In order to overcome these shortcomings, in recent years, the synthesis of hydrogels based on natural and synthetic polymers and immobilization of drugs and delivery to the appropriate organs are among the modern methods. Thus, the loading of the active drug to the polymer carrier safes its therapeutic concentration in the blood. For this purpose, a combination of L-thyroxine with a chitosan polymer was designed and the toxicity of the new drug form was extensively studied in mice in vivo. There are very few studies in the literature on the use of L-thyroxine in combination with polymer based hydrogels. The study also examined the pharmacological basis of the complex of the L-thyroxine with a biological polymer, the possibility of its use in the treatment of hypothyroidism and the toxicity of the obtained L-thyroxine polymer. The nature of the physical and chemical interactions between L-thyroxine and chitosan has been identified by infrared spectroscopy. Simples - chitosan and chitosan complex with L-thyroxine were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 (USA) spectroscopic instrument in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. The molecular electron spectra of the liquid solutions of the samples, which are a highly sensitive method, were compared on a UV-Vis device in the range of 180-600 nm. Chitosan is a linear cationite-type polyaminosaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. Chitin is separated from mollusks, crustaceans and insects, which are layers of some chitin. Chitosan is composed of β-(1,4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucosamine and β-(1,4)-N-acetyl D-glucosamine residues. L-thyroxine, a hormone substitute, is a chemically organic molecule that contains 4 -J groups along with -NH2, -COOH and -OH groups. Toxicity of the L-thyroxine polymer compound at an initial dose of 5 mg/kg was studied. Two hours after use, sedation, grouping and grooming were observed in animals. According to the results, the application of L-thyroxine polymer did not cause any sedation and was proved to be non-toxic. When the mixture was first injected into animals, they were poisoned. Therefore, gastric juice, not CH3COOH, was used as a solvent. During the experiment, a solution of L-thyroxine dissolved in 0.4 ml of gastric juice was injected into the abdomen of animals, and after 5-10 minutes they did not show any serious adverse reactions. In animals, sedation, grouping, and locomotion predominated. In the spectrum of the mixture of chitosan and L-thyroxine, 1643 and 1584 cm− 1 adsorption bands were subjected to chemical shift and were observed in the region of 1635 and 1544 cm− 1, respectively. Observation of a wide adsorption band around 3500 cm-1 is associated with an increase in hydrogen bonds in the system. A high-intensity peak is observed at 1544 cm-1, which involves electrostatic interactions. 1397 cm-1 characterizes the peak chitosan-L-thyroxine complex with changes in the region, which shows the interaction between the drug and chitosan. The mechanism of this type of interaction and the molecular structure of the product has also been confirmed by UV-Vis electron spectroscopy. In the UV-Vis spectrum of chitosan, a characteristic peak is observed for the >C=O carbonyl groups of non-deacetylated fragments around 208 nm. As can be seen, an intense peak around 250 nm, characteristic of the chitosan macromolecule, is observed, resulting in a change in the electron density in the polymer chains. This leads to a change in the shape of the spectrum and thus, it causes the formation of a wide absorption band in the region of 200-300 nm. If we look at the UV-Vis spectrum of L-thyroxine, a characteristic low-intensity band is observed in the range of 208-265 nm, which belongs to the aromatic cycle or phenyl group. In addition, the fact that the absorption band of the C-J group at 260 nm, together with the absorption bands of the other groups - COOH and >C=O, enter the same area and form a broad spectrum, shows both immobilization and interaction. In the UV-Vis spectrum of chitosan-L-thyroxine also occurs the formation of a broad absorption band around 300 nm, which is not observed in chitosan. This indicates a strong interaction of functional groups between the drug and chitosan. Such chemical shifts in the UV-Vis spectrum with bathochromic and hypsochromic effects are due to the occurrence of electrostatic attraction forces as well as hydrogen bonds between drugs and polymer macromolecules.This manifests itself both in the change in the shape of the spectrum and in the formation of a second adsorption at 300 nm. The attraction of the drug to the polysaccharide macromolecule due to functional groups causes changes in the electron density of both the chitosan and the L-thyroxine molecule. In our opinion, the method we have used to increase the effectiveness of L-thyroxine, which is widely used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, will increase the possibility of its application to humans in the future to solve this problem.

    Keywords: chitosan; levothyroxine; immobilized; interaction; toxicity; in vivo; mice

  7. INVESTİGATİON OF CARBON GAS İN OİL TRANSFORMERS

    Authors: Vahid Bodurov, Maryam Giyasi Atrafi

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202262

    Year: 2022 Pages: 62-71

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    Abstract: By their structure and design, transformers are devices that are reliable in operation and easy to maintain. In the operation of transformers, the main factors are timely inspection, performance of current and major repairs, as well as the necessary preventive tests. One of the important conditions for the correct use of this device is the correct introduction of the temperature regime and observance to the allowed overloading. Monitoring the condition of the oil is fundamental to the correct operation of the transformer. During the period of use, the oil ages and it loses its original properties. In addition to the deterioration of the properties of the oil due to aging, there is also a change in its properties under abnormal operating conditions of the transformer. So with local heating, build-up of insulation between the steel sheets of the magnetic circuit, poor contact in the tap changer or at the winding terminals under the transformer cover, and with turn short circuits in the windings, oil decomposes. Transformer oil has at least three functions in transformers. Task of transformer oil in oil-filled transformers cooling function, extinguishing the arc, and providing insulation is the main [1]. The appearance of defects caused by both electrical and thermal faults is accompanied by the formation of gases, and their further dissolution in transformer oil. In addition to normal operation, during the operation of the transformer, local thermal overheating (of an insulated conductor, core, etc.) and electrical discharges (partial, spark and arc discharges) can occur. Such defects lead to the destruction of insulation, physical wear and tear, and irreversible damage to the active part of the transformer. To determine the state of oil-filled electrical equipment, gases are used: hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition to the above gases, oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N) are also present, and their concentration varies depending on the tightness of the transformer tank and gases such as propane, butane, butene and others can be released. The study of these gases for diagnostic purposes is not widespread [2]. In this regard, the method of analysis of gases dissolved in oil (DGR) has proven itself all over the world. The main advantage of this method is the timely diagnosis of the malfunction, identification of the nature and control of the defect, which leads to lower economic costs and time savings. Fault diagnostics can be performed using various methods, such as: the ratio of pairs of gas concentrations using the Duval triangle, Japanese ETRA, monogram method, etc. The most important tool for diagnosing the condition of a transformer is observing the evolution of gases by comparing different analyzes of the amount of dissolved gases and understanding this information. The Duval Triangle Method is based on the existing IEC 60599 Gas Ratio Method. Within this triangle there are six potential damage zones. Zones include partial discharges, electrical and thermal damage. The use of this triangle method is based on three main gases (CH2, C2H4 and C2H2). Firstly the concentration levels of these gases are calculated. Then lines are drawn along three sides of an equilateral triangle: on each side, the relative value of a certain gas is laid, which can vary from 0 to 100% clockwise. The sum of the values of the concentrations of these gases is taken as 100. When drawing the boundaries of the zones of defects, the lines are drawn parallel to the lagging side of the triangle. The considered method not only clearly shows the "location" of the defect, but also allows you to observe the trajectory of its development [3]. The oil analysis results reflect the overall condition of the transformer. For this analysis, the oils are sent to a laboratory for testing. The most important indicators are the rate of formation of the total amount of combustible gases and individual gases. Carrying out timely sampling makes it possible to track the dynamics of malfunctions and take appropriate decisions in time. To obtain more reliable results, you must follow the sampling rules, store the samples and transport the samples to the analysis site correctly. Some gases dissolved in transformer oil (ethylene and acetylene) may indicate overheating in the contacts of switching devices, heating of the shield attachment points and bushing pins, short-circuiting of the winding conductors and other defects. The main goal of this article is to solve the problem associated with the extraction of hydrocarbon gases from oil, and to correct the interpretation based on the obtained data [4].

    Keywords: DGR, Duval triangle, transformer oil, gas discharges

  8. DEVELOPMENT OF PRİORİTİES AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Saleh Afandiyev, Mustafa Hamidov, İsmailov Rauf

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202272

    Year: 2022 Pages: 72-82

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    Abstract: The Republic of Azerbaijan is among the countries with a fairly high potential for renewable energy sources (RES). According to preliminary estimates, the total potential of the country's economically viable and technically usable BEMs is 26,940 MW, including 3,000 MW for wind energy, 23,040 MW for solar energy, 380 MW for bioenergy and 520 MW for mountain rivers[1]. At present, the country is using this potential to some extent. Over the past seven years, the production of energy from BEMs in Azerbaijan has increased many times. According to the Ministry of Energy, wind and solar power plants generated 408 million kWh of electricity in Azerbaijan in 2013-2019. Thus, in 2013, these stations produced only 1.6 million kWh of electricity. In 2019 this figure was 149 million. kWh, which is an increase of 93 times in the last 7 years. At present, Azerbaijan's total power generation capacity is 7,516 MW, and the capacity of renewable energy power plants, including large hydropower plants, is 1,278 MW, which is 17% of the total capacity, including 1,135 MW of hydropower capacity (22 HPP, 12 small hydroelectric power plants), wind power capacity 66 MW (5 plants, 1 hybrid), bioenergy capacity 38 MW (2 plants, 1 hybrid), solar power capacity 40 MW (9 plants, 1 hybrid). One hybrid power plant (Gobustan) is equipped with wind - 2.7 MW, solar - 3 MW and bioenergy - 1 MW. There are 2 solar power plants with a total capacity of 27 MW in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The installed capacity of renewable energy sources, excluding large hydropower plants, in 2020 was 168.3 MW, which is 2.2% of the total electricity generation capacity. In 2020, the country's electricity production amounted to 25.8 billion kWh. During this period, electricity production was 24.3 billion kWh at thermal power plants and 1,069.5 million kWh at hydro power plants and 343.55 mln. kWh at other sources (WPP, SPP and Waste-to-Power). During the year, 96.1 mln. kWh of power generated at WPPs, 46.9 million kWh in solar power plants, 200.6 million kWh at the Solid Waste Incineration Plant. Electricity generated by RES accounted for about 6% of total production. In 2014, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the State Agency and the Ministry of Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as in 2015 between the State Administration of Energy of the People's Republic of China. The main goal is to increase the country's renewable energy investment capacity to 30% by 2030 [3]. Within the framework of pilot projects on RES (wind and solar), the project "Strengthening the network to support renewable energy projects in Azerbaijan" was implemented with the involvement of an international consulting company in connection with the connection of power plants to the power grid and the integration of BEMs into the power grid. According to a report prepared by VPC, in order to achieve the 30% target, new renewable power plants with an installed capacity of 1,500 MW must be installed, which will increase the total capacity to 440 MW in 2020-2022 and 460 MW in 2023-2025. MW, 600 MW in 2026-2030, it was considered expedient to integrate into the network in 3 periods. At the same time, along with public investment, measures are being taken to launch new production facilities at the expense of private and foreign investment.. On January 9, 2021, the Ministry of Energy of Azerbaijan and ACWA Power of Saudi Arabia and Masdar of the United Arab Emirates signed executive agreements on the implementation of pilot projects on renewable energy. According to the agreements, pilot projects will be implemented in Azerbaijan with ACWA Power for the construction of 240 MW wind farms, and with Masdar for the construction of 200 MW solar power plants. In total, about 1.4 billion kWh/year of electricity is forecasted to be produced by wind and solar energy projects. These companies will invest about $ 400 million in pilot projects in the field of renewable energy in Azerbaijan. The projects will take about 2 years to implement and will be implemented in stages. The commissioning of these production facilities will save 300 million cubic meters of gas per year, which is equal to 10% of gas consumption in Azerbaijan. The development of alternative energy sources will also increase the country's export potential due to the saved gas. Azerbaijan cooperates with the following international organizations on the application of BEMs: Azerbaijan State Agency for Alternative Renewable Energy Sources, European Economic Commission of the UN, UNDP, European Union, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, German KFW Bank, France's International Development Agency, US Development Agency, Economic Cooperation Organization, Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Korea International Cooperation Agency, European Interstate Oil and Gas Transport Program, etc. as well as Germany, Turkey, France, Iran, Lithuania, UAE, Sweden and others. Keyswords: renewable energy sources (RES), wind power plant (WPP), solar power plant (SPP), bioenergy station, hybrid station, integration.

  9. CLARİFİCATİON OF STRUCTURAL AND TECTONİC FEATURES İN COMPLEX DEPOSİTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GURGAN-DENİZ FİELD)

    Authors: Sarvan Heydarli

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202283

    Year: 2022 Pages: 83-90

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    Abstract: The article is devoted to the clarification of the structural and tectonic structure of newly drilled wells in the Gurgan offshore field, which has been under development for a long time.The Gurgan-Deniz field, located in the Caspian Sea, has sufficient residual reserves. The Gurgan-Deniz field was discovered in 1947. In the same year, well No. 7 drilled in the south-western wing was put into operation. The depth of the sea is between 0.5-8 meters. The average depth is 2.5 m. From the material and technical point of view, the mines are supplied by Pirallahi Island, which is connected to it by dams 1.7 km to the east. Pirallahi Island is connected to Baku by rail and highway. The area is protected from winds and waves by the island from the west and northwest. The average annual sea temperature is +14 ºC, ranging from +2 to + 25.4ºC. In summer, this price is + 30-35ºC. The geological section of the Gurgan-Deniz field has been studied and the following results have been obtained. Surakhani, Sabunchu and Balakhani strata participate in the upper part of the productive layer. The Surakhani stratum consists of clays and fine-grained sands. The thickness is 310 m. The Sabunchu stratum consists of alternating fine-grained sands and clays. The thickness is 400 m. The Balakhani stratum consists of lithological clay and fine-grained sands. The total thickness of the group is 620 m. Post-Kirmaky Clay Suite is composed of clayey lithofacies. The thickness of the group is 127 m. Post-Kirmaky Sand Suite consists of sandy lithofasis and clay intermediate layers. The thickness is 40 m. The sediments of the Girmaki stratum, as in other fields of the Absheron oil and gas region, consist of alternating lithological composition of sandstone, thin and fine-grained sand and clay. Oily sandstones predominate here. The sandiness of the section increases from the ceiling to the heel. The layer divides into 3 oil halves. The total thickness of the formation is 273 m. It has been established from the data of six wells drilled with a small number of wells in the north-western wing that this group is composed of high carbonate dense rocks. In the south-western wing, the PG formation is oily and has a total thickness of 140 m. The sediments of the Qala formation has been opened by numerous wells in the south-western wing. The clusters has taken the form of a lens-shaped lithological field. The field's reserves were first calculated and approved in 1949. According to well data drilled to clarify its boundaries, in 1951 the Oil Expedition calculated only the recoverable oil and gas reserves. Oil and gas reserves were recalculated in 1974 and approved by the State Reserve Commission of the former Soviet Union in 1976. In 1995, the oil and gas reserves of the Gurgan-Deniz field were recalculated by the SeaOilGasProject Institute (Oil and Gas Mining Geology Laboratory). When re-specifying the geological structure on the basis of analysis and processing of data collected in the course of the research, the following was taken into account: The main objects are GS, PG and GaS. These strata are in turn divided into several horizons. The cut layer group is divided into GStop and GSbot parts. The upper part is not oily and the upper part is oily. GStop is divided into GS1, GS2 and GS3 horizons. PG layer complex is divided into PG1, PG2 and PG3 horizons. In the field, the Gala layer is supported by logs divided into 4-6 horizons. It is a structurally complex anticline. The reason for the complication is the presence of thrust. In addition, the thrust is in the direction of field. There are 3 transverse fractures. New wells have been drilled in recent years. With these wells, the structure of the field has been redefined. Correlation schemes and geological profiles have been established with the participation of new wells. Stratigraphic boundaries were determined based on the correlation scheme. New wells were compared with wells drilled in previous years. It has been revealed that there are innovations. The results were confirmed by geological profiles. A transverse and longitudinal geological profile has been compiled. New wells are involved in the profiles. The existence of №3a fault in the transverse geological profile has been proved. The amplitude of the fracture is between 90-110 m. In addition, it is located in subthrust. Fracture №3a was first given on the basis of our study. The longitudinal fracture, which divides the field into two parts (subthrust and above thrust), is observed in the geological profile. The amplitude of the thrust is 1000-1200 m. According to the new wells in the field, a number of structural changes and stratigraphic innovations have been achieved in the subthrust. All the obtained results were proved by correlation and geological profiles, structural maps were compiled for the ceiling of GS, PG and GaS.

    Keywords: field, structural map, well, geological profile, correlation scheme, subthrust, fault

  10. DEPENDENCE OF THE PROPERTIES OF SULFUR AND PEROXIDE VOLCANISES BASED ON A MIXTURE OF ISOPRENE WITH POLYVINYL ACETATE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE VOLCANIZATION NETWORK

    Authors: Sabina Rahimova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1201202291

    Year: 2022 Pages: 91-99

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    Abstract: The effect on the crosslinking process of modified isoprene rubber (SKI-3-PVA) with the participation of sulfur and dicumyl peroxide (PD) in the presence of hexachloroparaxylene (HCPA) and 2,4-dichloro-6-dimethyl-amino sym triazine was studied. It was found that, depending on the length of time, the number of crosslinks in these systems (SKN-3-PVA + sulfur + GHPK + ZnO; SKI-3-PVA + PD + GHPK) is 2.5x105 and 1.9x105 mol / cm³, respectively, per Based on the observed changes in the parameter of the spatial grid of the crosslinked samples, the yield of effective crosslinks was calculated. It was shown that in the presence of dicumyl peroxide in filled systems, the number of crosslinks decreases, and a decrease in crosslinks is also observed. Comparative tests of elastomeric materials based on SKI-3 - PVA copolymers in liquid aggressive media were carried out. Sol-gel analysis found that with an increase in the content of the copolymer in isoprene, the concentration of the number of cross-linked molecules in the copolymer increases. It is shown that the physical and mechanical properties of filled vulcanizates are inferior to sulfuric ones in strength properties, but surpass peroxide ones in thermal aging and the action of solvents. It was found that an increase in aging with an increase in the heating time of the samples indicates the formation of additional cross-links. The role of zinc oxide in the peroxide crosslinking of the SKI-3 - PVA copolymer has been studied. It was found that the introduction of zinc oxide has a noticeable effect on the rate of sulfur and peroxide crosslinking of mixtures based on SKI-3 - PVA copolymers, an increase in the structuring time of mixtures, destructive processes are observed, and the number of crosslinks and crosslinks decreases. It was found that the physical and mechanical properties of peroxide vulcanizates are inferior to sulfuric ones in strength properties, but they are superior to peroxide ones in thermal aging. It is shown that an increase in the resistance to aging with an increase in the heating time of the samples indicates the formation of additional cross-links. As a result of the reaction with oxygen and the accumulation of interacting polar groups. A decrease in the degree of swelling is associated with the formation of C-C chemical bonds in elastomers, it effectively participates in the formation of cross-links during peroxide vulcanization. The nature of the interaction of sulfur PD, HCPC, and DCDEAST with elastomers was judged by the change in the conditional number of crosslinks (n´c) and the number of crosslinked molecules (1 \ Ms) in unfilled sulfur and peroxide vulcanizates. It is shown that in sulfur peroxide mixtures based on SKI-3-PVA with the proposed agents at room temperature it causes the formation of effective crosslinks, and with an increase in the duration of heating in systems 1, 2, the number of crosslinked molecules increases. An increase in resistance to aging with an increase in the heating time of the samples indicates the formation of additional cross-links as a result of the reaction with oxygen and the accumulation of interacting polar groups. A decrease in the degree of swelling is associated with the formation of C - C chemical bonds in elastomers, effectively participating in the formation of a network of crosslinks during peroxide vulcanization. Thus, the analysis of the results of the studies performed allows us to conclude that elastomers based on the isoprene copolymer SKI-3-PVA obtained with the participation of vulcanizing agents of sulfur and peroxide (PD) in the presence of hexachloroparaxylene (HCP) and triazine compounds are superior to those known in terms of thermal stability. aging in strength and accumulation of permanent deformation in aggressive environments.

    Keywords: isoprene, polyvinyl acetate, hexachloroparaxylene, peroxide dicumil, vulcanization, modification

  11. ISOLATION WORKS AGAINST IRRIGATION WITH GEL COMPOSITION IN OIL RESERVES AT THE FINAL STAGE OF PROCESSING

    Authors: Tarlan Ibadzada

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei12012022100

    Year: 2022 Pages: 100-108

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    Abstract: At a time of high demand for energy carriers, it is important for the dynamic and long-term development of the oil industry of the country to increase the oil yield of long-term wells using various new methods of impact, along with the discovery, development and development of new and promising facilities. For the intensive development of the economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, it is important to increase gas and oil production from oil fields in the Caspian Sea basin and onshore. In this regard, it is important to increase the efficiency of oil production in offshore and onshore fields, to improve the development system, work with the well fund, as well as the application of artificial impact methods. Due to the complications that occurred during the development of oil fields in the country, some of the wells are either temporarily or completely removed from the exploitation fund. One of these complications is the watering of the well product. Experience in the development of oil fields with different geological and physical properties shows that premature irrigation of existing wells, geological structure of fields, ratio of oil and water viscosity in the extracted fluid, heterogeneity of layers, oil composition, volume of injection and discharge affect. At present, there is a decrease in the amount of oil in the production of offshore and onshore oil fields, and an increase in water. Although many irrigated wells are insulated and repaired to prevent irrigation, the economic and technological efficiency of these wells is insufficient. Therefore, the creation of new and effective technologies to prevent the flow of water into wells remains relevant. Premature watering of oil wells results in reductions in oil production, reduced interval between repairs in wells, and corrosion of underground and surface equipment of wells. Many researchers have noted that it is not advisable to use long-term, large-scale and economically inefficient methods to increase oil production, so the development of more layers with local impact technologies is considered promising. These methods have significant results in the isolation of irrigated areas with higher permeability. This problem can be solved in two ways: 1) Isolation of water channels with injection wells 2) Isolation of water flow to production wells Numerous studies have shown that isolating water flow in wells gives better results. The contradiction in pumping oil with injection wells is that, on the one hand, oil production must be maintained high, and on the other hand, a well with high oil production must be irrigated prematurely and subsequently reduce the phase permeability of oil. Most of the oil fields in the Republic of Azerbaijan are in the final stages of development. As a result, it is important to increase the efficiency of the development of complex oil fields by reducing the volume of associated water and increasing oil production from partially irrigated formations. The effectiveness of isolating water-washed areas with different compositions is ambiguous. Using a 10% solution of liquid glass and hydrochloric acid as the base material, it is possible to prepare an elastic buffer material to strengthen the wellbore area. It is also possible to create a gel with adjustable setting time by adding a certain amount of a third component to the initial base mixture. Preliminary studies with the added third reagents have shown that an elastic binding composite can be formed by adding urea, laprol and chromium salts to the liquid glass and hydrochloric acid solution. In subsequent studies, 0.1 to 10% Na2SiO3 and 10% HCl solution; Viscosity was measured by adding CO(NH2)2, CrCl3, KMS and Laprol at 0.5 and 1% by mass.

    Keywords: related water, watering rate, gel, liquid glass, urea, laprol, chromium salts, hydrochloric acid

  12. EFFECT OF METAL FIBERS ON THE PROPERTY OF WELL CEMENT

    Authors: Ulvi Mahmudov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei12012022109

    Year: 2022 Pages: 109-114

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    Abstract: Nowadays more oil and gas fields are developed in unconsolidated sandstone. When the formation consists of poorly cemented rocks, the connections between the rock particles are broken under the influence of forces acting in the bottomhole during oil production (wells), and the rock skeleton is intensively disintegrated and brought to the well by fluid flow. The sand production is considered undesirable product and the control of sand production is considered as one of the main concerns of production engineers. It can damage downhole, and surface production facilities, also increasing the risk of catastrophic failure. Choosing a method for preventing formation sand production depends on different reservoir parameters. The analysis of the production wells, where measures are taken to prevent the sand production, showed that the most effective method is to cover the bottom hole with various mortar materials. However, the current methods of bottomhole strengthening with cement mortars have a number of technological shortcomings which can include limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. According to the results, the efficiency of bottomhole reinforcement in the Absheron field is 40-50%. The reason for the low efficiency of this method is mainly the presence of lithostatic pressure and dynamic (perforation, sliding and lifting) loads applied to the cement barrier in the wellbore area. It is known that the weakest part of cement stone, prone to collapse and wear, is the perforation holes. During the oil production, the volume of sand increases that brought to the well, and around the perforation holes that on the cement stones are formed the collapses and fractures. Due to its low deformation and crack resistance, it cannot withstand these impact loads. Hence there is a need to reinforce the property of cement. The article presents the results of experimental studies of fiber-reinforced cement recommended for improving the quality of bottomhole coverage in increasing dynamic impact intervals. One of the promising directions to increase the resistance of the cement barrier under dynamic loads is its strengthening against compression and bending, using the principle of composition, which provides the compression resistance of the cement matrix. The most important properties of cement stone can be effectively regulated by using metal fibers, which allow implementation of the principle of composition in cement barrier. The main physical and mechanical properties of the cement burrier formed as a result of increasing the fiber concentration in the tampon solution change. Reinforcing metal fibers, uniformly distributed in the matrix and having different directions, received forces in any direction, preventing the formation and development of cracks in the cement stone. The metal fibers are randomly oriented and uniformly distributed throughout the volume, work together with the matrix due to the adhesion forces, and form a compact shape. When fiber adhesion is disrupted, the fibers prevent the growth and development of cracks by maintaining the integrity of the cement stone. Based on this principle, a new dispersion-enhanced buffering material consisting of a mixture of quartz sand and metal fibers was developed. Experiments were carried out to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the cement system (strength, fluidity, setting time, etc.) in the laboratory. Studies have taken a certain proportion of the water-cement mixture. Metal fibers of different quantities and lengths were added during the experiments to determine the mechanical properties of the cement stone. The test period, day and the curing temperature performed at different intervals according to the mixtures. The article shows the positive effect of fiber on the main properties of buffering solutions and the resulting stone, both theoretically and experimentally. The choice of the optimal method of cement stone reinforcement is the result of laboratory experiments. Following the results obtained, recommendations were given for the optimization of cement compositions.

    Keywords: cement stone, cement barrier, well area, dynamic loads, fiber, reinforcement, destruction, deformation, expansion

  13. INFLUENCE OF ADDITIONAL INHIBITORS ON CATALYTIC DESTRUCTION REACTION OF POLYISOBUTYLENE

    Authors: Fatimə Novruzova, Khuraman Hajiakhmedzade, Esfira Bagirova, Irina Akhmedova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei12012022115

    Year: 2022 Pages: 115-122

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    Abstract: It is impossible to create a scientific basis for the synthesis of polymers without taking into account the destruction process. Under the action of Lewis acids, the destruction of PIB follows a free radical chain mechanism, while the catalytic destruction of PIB leads to the formation of both linear and branched macromolecules. The most wide-spread type of chemical destruction is an oxidative destruction by oxygen and ozone. The oxidative destruction is activated by heat, light rays and mechanical energy, and the types of thermal, photo and mechanical oxidative destruction are known, respectively. As a result of these destructive reactions, both the composition and the structure of polymer change, that is, it “grows old”. The aging of a polymer means a change in its physical-chemical, physical-mechanical properties during exploitation . The fastest oxidative destruction of polymers occurs by a chain mechanism (with free radicals), as in low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The oxidation process of polymers without double bonds in the chains proceeds weakly, and the formation of peroxide groups is not always observed in them. This process consists of three stages: formation of an active center, lengthening and breaking of the chain. It is known that oxidation begins with the formation of peroxides. Active centers are obtained by the decomposition of peroxides. When studying the chemistry of the reaction, it was noticed that there is another mechanism for the destruction of polyisobutylene in the presence of strong Lewis acids, characteristic of cationic processes. One of the interesting aspects of the destruction process is a complete understanding of the "chemistry" of catalytic destruction. For this, various additives must be added to the catalytic reaction. During the experiments it has been found that the reaction does not take place in a completely dried solvent. The reaction proceeds when a significant amount of water is added to the system. The amount of water in the system is [H2O] ≈10-3 mol / l. This can be explained by the fact that the catalyst in dimer form is inactive in the nonpolar helix, but the water plays the role of a polar additive, decomposing the dimer catalyst and converting it into the monomeric form of Brønsted acid. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of 2,6-DTBP and toluene on the reaction has been studied in order to fully elucidate the chemistry of the catalytic destruction of PIB by Lewis acids. Since 2,6-DTBP is a trap for protons, it plays an important role in the detection of the active form of the catalyst. The ineffectiveness of 2,6-DTBP and toluene as an inhibitor led to the existence of a radical reaction mechanism and the discovery of the active form of the catalyst. For better understanding the reaction mechanism, the inhibitory effect of O2, p-benzoquinone and tetracyanethylene on the reverse process has been studied. The formation of block copolymers upon modification of PIB with acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate, polymerized by the radical mechanism, not only confirms the radical mechanism of destruction, but also creates conditions for the production of new copolymers. The formation of active centers has been also confirmed by the EPR method, free macroradicals have been detected and their density has been determined. The formation of free macroradicals as a result of the direct action of strong mechanical energy, direct mechanical cracking or transfer of vibration energy of the initial highly active state of the polymer chain is the initial stage of mechanical and chemical processes. The overall final result of the transformations depends on the direction of the subsequent secondary reactions of free macroradicals. Although these reactions are different, they correspond to typical free radical processes in polymer systems. On the whole, destructive reactions are considered one of the most important reactions for high molecular weight compounds. They are used to study the structure of high molecular weight compounds, as well as to obtain low molecular weight compounds from the natural polymers. All this has been reflected in IR, UV, NMR, EPR spectroscopic studies. A mathematical and kinetic model of the processes has been developed and parameters have been calculated using the experimental indicators of the carried out researches.

    Keywords: catalyst, 2,6-DTBP, toluene, polyisobutylene, destruction, halide, aikyl halide, inhibitor, deactivation, methano