Volume 152, Issue 6 (2024)

  1. IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS ARISING IN THE OPERATION OF UNDERWATER PIPELINES

    Authors: Ramiz Ismayilov, Nurlan Abdullazade

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-06

    Year: 2024 Pages: 6-12

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    Abstract: The development of new technologies requires caution when using both old and new ideas. Pipelines are one of the safest ways to transport oil and gas. However, there are flaws and cracks in the pipelines. Therefore, the assessment of these defects is very important for the future safe operation of the offshore pipeline. The safety of subsea pipelines made of high-strength steel with a longitudinally oriented flaw in the form of a longitudinal semi-elliptical impermeable crack when loaded with working pressure is an actual problem and of theo¬re¬ti¬cal and practical interest. Currently, special attention is paid to the issues of industrial safety of oil and gas facilities, including underwater pipelines. The solution of these issues is closely related to the analysis and assessment of risks based on various existing methods actively used in international practice.

    Keywords: offshore pipelines, crack resistance, security, exploitation, defects, cracks

  2. AQUASYN-X: INNOVATIVE SOBM FOR DRILLING IN EXTREME TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS

    Authors: Vyacheslav Kuznetsov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-13

    Year: 2024 Pages: 13-18

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    Abstract: The development of new synthetic oil-based mud (SOBM) is crucial for enhancing drilling operations in extreme environments, such as deepwater and offshore locations, while maintaining environmental sustainability. This paper presents AquaSyn-X, a next-generation SOBM specifically engineered to withstand the harsh conditions encountered during deepwater and high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) drilling operations. The primary objectives of developing AquaSyn-X include improving thermal and pressure stability, minimizing toxicity, and enhancing lubricating properties to ensure efficient drilling performance. AquaSyn-X's formulation is based on a unique combination of synthetic oils, emulsifiers, and rheology modifiers, which provide superior stability and functionality in challenging environments. Results from the experiments show that AquaSyn-X exhibits excellent emulsion stability, even under extreme HPHT conditions. The mud also demonstrates a significant reduction in friction, which leads to enhanced wellbore stability and reduced risks of stuck pipe incidents. The findings indicate that this SOBM is compliant with environmental regulations governing offshore drilling, and its use significantly reduces the release of harmful chemicals into marine ecosystems. This innovative SOBM could lead to improved operational efficiency, reduced downtime, and a smaller environmental footprint, thereby setting a new standard for drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry.

    Keywords: synthetic oil-based mud (SOBM), high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT), deepwater drilling, environmental sustainability, friction reduction, wellbore stability

  3. CALCULATION OF THE OPTIMAL INNER DIAMETER OF THE CONTACT TUBE FOR ISOBUTYLENE OXIDATION ON Sb-Sn CATALYST

    Authors: Adygozel Huseynov, Narmina Aliyeva, Sevinj Guliyeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-19

    Year: 2024 Pages: 19-25

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    Abstract: In order to simplify the reactor design, it is advisable to increase the internal diameter of the tube. However, the increasing temperature along the radius of the tube due to a decrease in the heat exchange surface per unit volume of the catalyst and, as a consequence, increasing parametric sensitivity greatly complicates process control. Intensification of heat removal by increasing the linear speed of the reaction mixture leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the apparatus, i.e. to deterioration of its performance indicators. Reducing the internal diameter of the tube improves heat transfer, but on the other hand, it increases the metal consumption of the apparatus, complicates its design, reduces the reliability of the system as a whole, and makes loading the catalyst more difficult.

    Keywords: isobutylene, methacrolein, reactor, catalyst, oxidation

  4. CLEAN-UP OF OIL-CONTAMINATED LAND IN AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Matanat Huseynova, Nargiz Bagirova, Farid Atakishiyev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-26

    Year: 2024 Pages: 26-33

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    Abstract: At present, as a result of anthropogenic activities, there is a large-scale pollution of the environment with harmful substances. Oil and oil products are one of the main environmental pollutants. Soil is under special stress, its morphological and physico-chemical properties tend to degrade, its self-purifying capacity is depressed, negative changes occur in the development and functional activity of organisms of the soil biocenosis. Limited land resources make it an urgent task to return all disturbed and degraded soils to economic use. From this point of view, the work devoted to the cleaning of soils from oil and oil products pollution is topical. The aim of the work was to compare two types of biotechnology used for cleaning of soils contaminated with oil and oil products using the method of activation of natural microflora with the introduction of microorganisms in the form of a biopreparation.

    Keywords: bioremediation, microflora activation, soil restoration, oil-oxidizing microorganisms, microbiological cleaning, soil self-purification

  5. ETHYLENE OXIDE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

    Authors: İlman Hasanov, Sayalı Hasanli

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-34

    Year: 2024 Pages: 34-40

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    Abstract: The article examines the production technology of ethylene oxide [EO] using silver aluminum catalyst [Ag/Al2O3] packed in a plug reactor to oxidize ethylene (C2H4) uses either air or oxygen (O2), but the oxygen-based reaction process since it is more effective, the use of oxygen was considered suitable for the purpose. Basically two reactions take place, the partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide and the complete oxidation of ethylene to carbon dioxide and water. The process design models in this study are based on a three-component system. These are: a reaction system, an absorption system, and an ethylene oxide [EO] scavenging system. The highest cost in the production of ethylene oxide is ethylene, so it is important to optimize the selectivity of ethylene oxide and thereby reduce ethylene consumption.

    Keywords: ethylene oxide, oxidation, pressure, catalyst, flow diagram, simulation

  6. MODELING THE MODE OF A LONG LINE WITH NONLINEAR CONDUCTIVITY BY EQUATIONS IN HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

    Authors: Tarana İsayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-41

    Year: 2024 Pages: 41-47

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    Abstract: The most accurate and standard modeling of steady-state modes of an overhead line using long line equations (LLE) with distributed parameters in hyperbolic functions is accepted. When obtaining the LLE, an assumption was made about the quadratic dependence of active power losses to the corona on voltage. Numerous measurements of active power losses to corona in overhead lines of ultra-high voltage (UHV) and processing of experimental results have established that the dependences of active power losses to corona are a function of voltage of the 4–8th degree. It is difficult to obtain analytical equations of a line with distributed parameters in hyperbolic ones, taking into account the function of stress by dependencies that differ from the second degree by mathematical transformations. This article proposes a methodology, algorithm and software implementation for modeling active power losses to the corona as a voltage function with a real dependence with an arbitrary degree, taking into account the voltage distribution along the line. Comparison of the corona loss values obtained by direct integration of the voltage along the overhead line of the ρ-th degree according to LLE taking into account the equivalent conductivity inserting into the LLE is performed. An algorithm and program are proposed in the form of a computational software module based on LLE modeling, considering active power losses to the corona due to nonlinear conduction. To modeling overhead lines with nonlinear conductivity to the corona according to LLE, it is proposed to use the reduced value of the equivalent conductivity to the crown of the overhead line. Calculations of steady-state modes of UHV transmission lines have been carried out and the errors of simplified models have been compared. The module to calculation of the EHV overhead line modes can be applied: to designing the EHV overhead line; to analyze of the modes for optimal operation of OHL; to compare of the accuracy of steady-state models of EHV OHL.

    Keywords: overhead power line, ultra-high voltage, distributed parameter line equations, corona losses, nonlinear conductivity

  7. IMPLEMENTING COVERT CHANNELS OVER MESSAGİNG PLATFORMS

    Authors: Gunay Huseynova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-48

    Year: 2024 Pages: 48-53

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    Abstract: In the modern world Internet is basic communication vehicle between people. Every day it carries different types of information from one side of network to the other. A question arises here. How safe is İnternet for our confidential data? Acording to percentage of users of messaging platforms text containers can be one of the most ideal way of hiding information. Note that methods of hiding information in texts are called text or linguistic steganography. This article also discusses the creation of secret channels for exchanging confidential data using the Emoji linguistic steganography method. Most of Internet users prefer to use emoji instead of word during conversation. That is reason emoji is good feature for hiding confidential data.

    Keywords: confidential data, Text steganography, Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, Line

  8. SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL WATER COOLING SYSTEMS: INTEGRATING FOURIER TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES WITH PLC MONITORING

    Authors: Stanislav Agamatov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei152062024-54

    Year: 2024 Pages: 54-63

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    Abstract: The application of signal processing techniques, specifically the Fourier series and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), in the context of modern industrial systems, with a focus on seismic data analysis is considered. The study begins by investigating the role of vibration sensors in capturing seismic activity, particularly within water cooling systems, where accurate monitoring is crucial for maintaining operational stability and safety. Given the limitations of current SCADA systems in handling such complex data, a novel approach is proposed, wherein seismic signals captured by vibration sensors are transformed using FFT to reveal their frequency components. The results of this study, illustrated through the FFT of seismic data, uncover the hidden frequency components that characterize seismic events. These findings provide critical insights into the patterns and behaviors of seismic activity, offering a robust foundation for enhanced monitoring and predictive maintenance in industrial environments. This paper not only demonstrates the efficacy of FFT in signal processing but also highlights the potential for integrating advanced algorithms and tools into SCADA systems, paving the way for more sophisticated and responsive industrial control systems.

    Keywords: Seismic Data Analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Vibration Sensors, Siemens PLC, Signal Processing