Volume 145, Issue 5 (2024)

  1. RELATIONSHIP OF OIL AND GAS PROSPECTS AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITH DEPTH TO MUD VOLCANISM IN BAKU ARCHIPELAGO

    Authors: Khuraman Mukhtarova, Gultar Nasibova, Sevil Zeynalova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-06

    Year: 2024 Pages: 6-14

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    Abstract: The purpose of the research is the study of tectonic, geodynamic and lithofacies factors in the formation of mud volcanoes of the Baku archipelago based on geological-geochemical and geophysical data, and the identification of their relationship with oil and gas bearing. For intervals of depth where the temperature range of 60, 100, 150, 2000 C is observed in the northern zone of the Baku archipelago, that is in the zone where the Sangachal-deniz-Duvanni-deniz-Island Khara-Zira and Alat-deniz structures are located, the extreme values of the main zone oil-gas formation, respectively, are 3000-3500 m - 80-860, 12 km -2000C. The upper limit (top) of the main the oil and gas formation zone of the Baku archipelago begins at a depth of 3000 m, and the lower parl limit is located at a depth of 9-11 km. In other words, potential oil-bearing rocks in the Baku archipelago with a depth range from 2000-2500 to 9-11 km can be considered as sources of oil and gas formation and their development is as industrially significant.

    Keywords: anticlinal zone, tectonic factors, faults, geothermic conditions, volсanism, depression

  2. SOME ASPECTS OF THE GAS WELL TESTING PROCEDURES

    Authors: Samira Abbasova, Elshan Abbaszade

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-06

    Year: 2024 Pages: 6-13

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    Abstract: The article discusses the basic concepts of designing and testing gas wells. The need to increase the selection of hydrocarbons determines the relevance of creating an information array of data on the reservoir and the fluids that saturate it. To collect information, the results of studies of the bottomhole zone of wells, its drainage zone and the interwell space of the reservoir are analyzed. According to the status, the studied wells are divided into operating and stopped for the period of research. According to the type of wells, production and injection wells are distinguished. In the first, the inflow curve is taken for various well operation modes (IPR). Secondly, the dependence of pressure change during shutdown of a working well (PBU) is analyzed. These studies can be carried out both in production and injection wells. To study well clusters and evaluate the interwell space, the methods of interference testing and the method of pulse studies are used. Information on hydrodynamic studies is provided. Note that the studies carried out in wells can be divided into two large groups. The first one is hydrodynamic studies (well test) which involves carrying out various tests to establish the characteristics of the rock that makes up the reservoir, as well as the properties of the fluid that saturates the porous medium. As a result of the studies, such parameters as permeability, porosity, average reservoir pressure, and degree of reservoir heterogeneity (presence of a screening fault, degree of fracturing, and layering) are determined. The second group includes studies that are carried out in wells in order to determine the volume of potential production, that is, productivity studies. It should be noted that the quality of the results is influenced by a large number of factors that must be taken into account in the process in order to increase the degree of reliability of the information obtained about the reservoir system. Thus, this article provides an analysis and the degree of influence of one or another parameter on the reliability of well test results.

    Keywords: flow rate, test duration, well, reservoir properties, skin factor, permeability, bot-tomhole pressure

  3. INFLUENCE OF THERMAL STRESS ON THE FORMATION OF CRACKS IN THE SILICATE COATING OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE TUBE

    Authors: Elvin Ibrahimli

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-14

    Year: 2024 Pages: 14-20

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    Abstract: The effect of temperature stress on the silicate coating of heating tubes has been considered. Deformation caused by temperature changes in silicate coating in heating tubes causes micro-macro cracks to appear on the surface of the coating. Taking these into account, the characteristics of temperature stress changes were studied. With this, a mathematical expression was obtained by the mathematical modeling of temperature stress. The theoretical and graphical dependencies of the distribution of temperature energy inside the tube? The coating in the external and internal systems is presented separately, and a wide explanation and analysis is given at the same time of expression with its analysis, it was interpreted on the basis of the works processed in the Matlab program. Currently, the results obtained as a result of the application of silica-coated pipes in various areas of SOCAR are being continued. The application of silica-coated pipes in various areas of SOCAR continues to give positive results. Based on the main data and results of the conducted research, a report on the efficiency of the operating condition was made, efficiency is increased by 2.0-2.5 times, and reliability and longevity are fully ensured.

    Keywords: silicate coatings, thermal conductivity, corrosion, temperature, resistance, durability

  4. ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON GASES OF MUD VOLCANOES OF THE LOWER KURA TROUGH

    Authors: Shura Ganbarova, Mehmet Salih Bayraktutan

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-15

    Year: 2024 Pages: 15-23

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    Abstract: Based on the detailed analysis of the existing geological-geophysical material, the distribution area of the mud volcanoes developed in the depression, and the geochemical characteristics of their eruption products were studied. The aim is to determine the gases contained in the wastes thrown by volcanoes onto the earth's surface and to study of distribution along the territory. For this reason, the capacity of methane gas, heavy hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon dioxide of erupted materials on the surface was studied. Based on the results obtained during the analysis, the composition of the gases of the mud volcanoes located in the depression consists mostly of methane. The content of methane in the eruptive materials of Agzibir volcano varies from 86.3% to 98.88% (Kalamaddin mud volcano). The average mark of methane gas ranges from 86.6% (Akhtarmaardi) to 91.3% (Harami). In addition, maps were drawn up to determine the distribution of gases in the eruptive materials along the study area. Besides, a map of the location of the Galmaz mud volcano, a geological profile passing through the mud volcano was created. The content of gases emitted into the atmosphere was determined based on the analysis of mud volcano eruptive wastes in the south-west and north-east parts of the Galmaz field. As a result of geological-geophysical studies was determined that the chemical composition of the eruption materials of the Galmaz mud volcano is different. The analysis show that, most of the gases emitted from the volcano to the atmosphere consist of methane (CH4) gas. Content of it is up to 97.42% and more. The content of other gases is relatively small, so heavy hydrocarbons is 0.04%, nitrogen is 0.48%, CO2 is 2.06%. The individual deposits related with mud volcano are mainly massive, structural and tectonically screened types. However, hydrocarbons accumulated within traps are formed oil-gas and gas individual deposits.

    Keywords: Galmaz field, mud volcano eruption, methane gas content, content of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, crushing zones, heavy hydrocarbons, oil and gas accumulations

  5. FOAMING THE 3D MODEL OF THE GAS METAL ARC WELDING PROCESS WITH THE HELP OF SOLID-WORKS AND EXAMINING THE STRESS

    Authors: Nurlan Gurbanov, Kamala Gurbanova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-21

    Year: 2024 Pages: 21-26

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    Abstract: Today, in parallel with the rapid developments in every sector of the industry, various welding technologies are used for joining metal-based materials. In this article, a 3D model of the welding process was created with the help of SolidWorks program by using AISI 1020 and AISI 310 steel sheet brands and 2014-T4 Al electrode materials, which are suitable for the real mechanical properties of the alloys. Theoretically, the necessary modeling and stress calculations were made with the help of finite elements for the gas metal arc welding process.

    Keywords: SolidWorks, welding process, AISI 1020 steel sheet, AISI 310 steel sheet

  6. FORECAST OF THE RESERVOIR DISTRIBUTION ON THE I GAZANBULAG HORIZON OF THE GAZANBULAG FIELD USING ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS OF 3D SEISMIC DATA

    Authors: Maleyka Agayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-24

    Year: 2024 Pages: 24-28

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    Abstract: Using of attribute analysis on the 3D seismic cube to predict the distribution area of reservoirs on the I Gazanbulag horizon in the Gazanbulag field of the Ganja Oil and Gas Region has been considered. The article also gives brief information about the region's history of geological and geophysical studies. Also, more perspective attributes were identified to achieve the set goal. This was done by analyzing the obtained results based on the sensitivity of the applied attributes to the separation of the zones selected by the variable characteristics of the wave field. Some longitudinal and transverse attribute sections are presented, to ensure the accuracy of the calculations, well data were also used. As a result, I Gazanbulag horizon is divided into three facies.

    Keywords: seismic horizon, 3D seismic survey, seismic attribute, attribute cube, facies

  7. ASSESSING THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD

    Authors: Gunay Imanova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-27

    Year: 2024 Pages: 27-33

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    Abstract: IoT-based smart products such as smartphones and smartwatches, smart homes and cars, smart TVs and entertainment devices, beside healthcare devices, have generated a great deal of interest among customers. The global threat COVID-19, with the recent and future opportunities in IoT have made the companies even more exited and eager to exploit the technology. Although, there are some challenges regarding the security issues, returns of IoT mostly outweigh the pitfalls. The objective of this study is to analyze the literature, sta-tistics and predictions for IoT in different industries and sectors, in post-pandemic era. Sev-eral topics involving use and implementation of IoT during and after pandemic, main IoT opportunities for companies, main challenges related to adoption and further development of IoT are examined and presented with figures.

    Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), digital technology, smart devices, post-pandemic, in-dustrial 4.0

  8. ANALYSIS OF 2D SEISMIC EXPLORATION WORKS PERFORMED IN THE GEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX STRUCTURES OF THE BAKU ARCHIPELAGO

    Authors: Aladdin Nasibov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-29

    Year: 2024 Pages: 29-35

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    Abstract: The article focuses on the assessment of the geologically complex structures of Baku archipelago, mainly Sangachal-deniz, Duvanni-deniz, and Khara-Zira anticlines which are located in the northern part of Baku archipelago. These complex geological structures were influenced by tectonic activities, including faults and mud volcanoes which were revealed by conducted seismic exploration from the 1950s to the present. Seismic attribute analysis, specifically Sweetness and Variance attributes were applied and the results were analyzed in order to interpret these features. These attributes allowed us to characterize the lithofacial changes and to identify fault systems and chaotic seismic patterns caused by volcanic activities. The geological evaluation of the 2D seismic exploration works carried out in the Sangachal-deniz-Duvanni-deniz-Khara-Zira area was performed using "IHS Kingdom Suite" and "Petrel" software packages. The integration of 2D seismic data with well and core data provides valuable insights into the reservoir properties, highlighting the potential for hydrocarbon exploration in this geologically complex area. The study underscores the importance of continued seismic exploration to refine subsurface models and identify hydrocarbon reservoirs.

    Keywords: 2D seismic, geological assessment, seismic attributes, seismic processing, anticline, fault detection

  9. USE OF VIDEO STEGANOGRAPHY FOR REALIZATION OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION TRANSMISSION CHANNELS

    Authors: Gunay Huseynova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-34

    Year: 2024 Pages: 34-40

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    Abstract: Today Internet and digital media are very popular, so to prevent secret information from unwanted people, there is requirement to transmit a data more securely. Video steganogra-phy is to hide the existence of the message from unauthorized party using video as cover file and hiding data in video. Data hiding is the process of embedding information in a video without changing its perceptual quality and also keep away from knowledge of existence of message. The article investigates creation and transformation of video steganographic channels via social network – Facebook, Youtube, cloud storage – Google Photos, Google Drive, WhatsApp, Telegram, Viber and Line.

    Keywords: video steganography, digital steganography, confidential information

  10. CONTROL OF THE GASOLINE HYDROTREATING PROCESS

    Authors: Elchin Melikov, Tamella Maharramova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-36

    Year: 2024 Pages: 36-43

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    Abstract: In a market economy, gasoline hydrotreating at modern oil refineries is considered one of the most important technological processes. In conditions where the demand for high-quality gasoline on the world market is high, control of the gasoline hydrotreating process is a very pressing issue. As oil refineries strive to meet stricter environmental regulations, hydrotreating processes are becoming increasingly important. An automated control system has been developed for such a technological process. During hydrotreating, petroleum fractions selectively react with hydrogen in the catalyst presence at relatively high temperatures and medium pressure. This process converts unwanted aromatics, olefins, nitrogen, metals, and organic sulfur compounds into stabilized products. Some hydrotreated fractions may require additional processing to meet final product specifications. The presence of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in diesel and gasoline fractions is also extremely undesirable, as this leads to a deterioration in the characteristics of diesel engines and internal combustion engines. The composition of these compounds is also undesirable from an environmental point of view. As a hydrotreating result, the petroleum products quality increases. As the molecular weight of the fraction increases, the desulfurization rate decreases. The gasoline hydrotreating process continues, releasing a small amount of heat, which is used to compensate for heat losses to the environment.

    Keywords: hydrotreating process, oil refinery, petroleum products, automation system, control object, optimal control

  11. APPLICATION OF FUZZY SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING SYSTEM FOR ERP SOFTWARE SELECTION

    Authors: Nihad Mehdiyev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-41

    Year: 2024 Pages: 41-47

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    Abstract: The class of ERP systems includes integrated automation tools that provide integration of automation of enterprise resource management in a single corporate information system. The choice of an enterprise automation system is very difficult due to the influence of many factors. Multi-criteria decision making is a powerful tool that is widely used to solve problems involving multiple conflicting attributes. Among different methods of multi-criteria decision making, the fuzzy SAW is very suitable for estimating alternatives when qualitative and quantitative advertence are expressed only with linguistic variables. A fuzzy simple additive weighting system is applied to decision-making problems in industry, manufacturing, service systems. The techniques are categorized by the four aspects of developing a fuzzy SAW methodology, such as representation of the relative importance for pairwise comparison, aggregation of fuzzy sets for group decisions and weights/priorities, defuzzification of a fuzzy set to a crisp value for final comparison, and consistency measurement of the judgements. The contribution of this paper is selection suitable ERP software using fuzzy simple additive weighting system method. This paper is designed as follows. Section 2 introduces basic definitions of the fuzzy SAW methodology that is used in this problem. in Section 3, proposed method of the fuzzy SAW methodology with fuzzy numbers for the ERP software selection problem. Section 4 presents the basic results developed in this article.

    Keywords: multi-criteria decision making, ERP software selection, fuzzy SAW method

  12. ADVANCED MONITORING IN WATER COOLING SYSTEMS USING LSTM NETWORKS AND EXTERNAL FACTOR INTEGRATION

    Authors: Farid Agayev, Stanislav Agamatov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-44

    Year: 2024 Pages: 44-53

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    Abstract: This paper presents an advanced approach to monitoring and predicting the performance of water cooling systems in industrial settings. Traditional methods often relied on fixed setpoints and overlooked the impact of external factors like wind speed, treating these variations as errors. By leveraging Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, this study integrates these external influences into the predictive model, transforming what was previously seen as noise into actionable data. The result is a more accurate prediction of potential system failures and an improved understanding of how various factors affect the overall reliability of water cooling systems.

    Keywords: water cooling systems, LSTM networks, predictive maintenance, external factors integration, industrial monitoring

  13. STUDY OF STRUCTURE, MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE FERRITE NANOPARTICLES

    Authors: Aynura Gochuyeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-48

    Year: 2024 Pages: 48-54

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    Abstract: Our paper describes the magnetic and structural properties of MnFe2O4, which is currently widely used and is considered to be one of the promising materials. Although these charac-teristics of the material we are studying have been reviewed before us, we would like to know the accuracy of these characteristics for our future purposes. From the MID-IR study, we concluded that the absorption coefficient (α) reaches its maximum value at a wavelength of 748 cm-1. The optical properties of our nanoparticle were experimentally investigated in a VERTEX 70V Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) device. The magnetic properties were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the pres-ence of unpaired electrons was detected, as well as the g-factor (2282) and the line width between the peaks (∆HPP = 1287 G).

    Keywords: nanoparticles, manganese ferrite, MID-IR, EPR spectrum/

  14. WAYS TO PROTECT PERSONAL DATA USİNG ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE METHODS

    Authors: Firuza Aghayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-54

    Year: 2024 Pages: 54-59

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    Abstract: With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), protecting personal data has become crucial. AI systems can collect and analyze personal data, which can risk privacy and security. The main issues are privacy breaches, misuse of data, cybersecurity threats, and algorithmic bias. Addressing these problems requires legislation, transparency, technical security, and adherence to ethical guidelines. These measures can help ensure the protection of personal data.

    Keywords: protection, personal data, potential, artificial intelligence, machine learning algoritms

  15. INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRON RADIATION

    Authors: Gulnara Iskandarova, Ulkar Mammadova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-55

    Year: 2024 Pages: 55-59

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    Abstract: Neutron radiation is formed during the fission of an atomic nucleus and has a high penetrat-ing power. Neutrons can be stopped by a thick concrete, water or paraffin barrier. Fortu-nately, in civilian life, nowhere, except in the immediate vicinity of nuclear reactors, neutron radiation practically does not exist.

    Keywords: sources, neutrons, detectors, pulse, signal, oscilloscope

  16. ABOUT NECESSITY OF ACCOUNTING OF INNOVATION RISKS IN MANAGEMENT PROCESSES

    Authors: Gazanfar Suleymanov, Gunel Safarova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei145052023-60

    Year: 2024 Pages: 60-65

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    Abstract: The article examines the impact of risks, especially innovation risks, on the effectiveness of innovative activities of entities. The reasons for the emergence of innovative risks and their dependence on various factors were also considered, and the expediency of taking measures aimed at identifying and gradually reducing the risks of an innovative project was noted. Attention was also drawn to the need to apply a new synergistic approach based on "risk management" to identify and manage the level of innovation risks in the face of uncer-tainty.

    Keywords: innovations, innovation economy, risks, uncertainty, risk’s theory, risk manage- ment

  17. CREATİON OF SECRET İNFORMATİON CHANNELS THROUGH IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY

    Authors: Gunay Huseynova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-60

    Year: 2024 Pages: 60-66

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    Abstract: The Internet not only provides us with the ease of contact, but also some security risks, such as stealing our confidential data. Therefore, some important information needs to be hidden during our communication. The use of messaging platforms and social networks in daily life for the purpose of information exchange, image containers can be one of the most way for hiding information. Note that the methods of hiding information in images call image steganography. This article also considers the creation of secret channels on messaging platforms and social networks for the exchange of confidential information using image steganography. For transmission of confidential data, we offer to use Facebook, Google, WhatsApp, Telegram, Line, Viber, Messenger.

    Keywords: confidential data, Image steganography, Facebook, Google, Whatsapp, Telegram, Messenger

  18. MEASUREMENT ERRORS OF THE FLOW OF NATURAL GAS IN UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS

    Authors: Elnur Allahyarov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-67

    Year: 2024 Pages: 67-76

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    Abstract: The relevance of the topic related to improving the processing of fuzzy information in the control and management system of the natural gas transportation process is substantiated. Factors influencing the errors of instruments that provide gas flow measurement in gas transportation process monitoring and control systems, additional errors arising depending on the influence of the environment, gas content, humidity and hydration in the process of gas flow measurement are determined, and ways and methods for their elimination are analyzed. An analysis of current literature sources, which examines the reasons why measuring instruments have errors and uncertainty is provided. The feasibility of increasing the accuracy and reliability of measurements of natural gas consumption is shown by using new tools and methods of modern information technologies, based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, the feasibility of reducing uncertainty and errors associated with fuzziness based on fuzzy decision-making criteria, for which purpose in uncertain information environment, and new information technologies and Softcomputing technologies, which represent a powerful mathematical apparatus to reduce measurement and processing errors; this is especially clear when identifying mathematical models of technological processes, such as natural gas transportation.

    Keywords: natural gas, gas flow, error, uncertain information, fuzzy set

  19. METROLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR THE INFORMATION-MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC ENERGY ACCOUNTING

    Authors: Namig Ganjayev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-77

    Year: 2024 Pages: 77-84

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    Abstract: The primary features of the government tools used to measure electric energy include the errors that arise during electricity accounting, which is essential for the development of the national economy within an information-sharing system. Issues related to reducing these errors and the associated losses are also addressed. The study analyzes the main characteristics of the measurement devices employed for electric energy accounting. It explores the causes and origins of errors in the measurement channel when developing an information-measurement system. Based on the analysis results, the sources of errors in measurement channels are identified according to the structural schemes of information-measurement systems utilizing various measuring devices (such as voltmeters, ammeters, electric energy meters, and voltage and current transformers). It has been demonstrated that errors in the measurement channel arise not only from the design and operating principles of the measuring instruments and signal processing devices but also due to distortions caused by harmonics in the voltage and current within the electrical network, as well as specific interferences. The primary sources of measurement errors in determining electric energy are mainly related to inaccuracies in measuring voltage, current, and phase shift, along with errors induced by temperature effects on the elements and devices used for these measurements. Although temperature errors may not be immediately apparent, they can contribute to various types of inaccuracies. In this context, the importance of implementing temperature compensation or correction schemes has been emphasized once again.

    Keywords: phase slip; electrical energy; information and measurement system; indirect measu¬rement; measurement error

  20. RANK REVERSAL IN ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING

    Authors: Gunay Huseynzada

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-85

    Year: 2024 Pages: 85-90

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    Abstract: Economic decision making is often based on a sequence of ranking alternatives to ensure reasonable decisions. Cases of rank reversals, in which the order of preference of choices is altered by the introduction or removal of options, present important issues. This study examines the occurrence of degree of change characterized by uncertainty in economic parameters in environment Z. The study examines the causes of rate fluctuations and their implications for economic theory and practice using advanced decision-making models and simulations The findings show that rank change in environment Z is not only a theoretical irregularity, but also a real concern that can lead to bad economic outcomes. This study presents a relatively low-complexity, theoretically driven, and comprehensive method to decision-making under bimodal uncertainty, as represented by Z-numbers. The suggested technique for making decisions is based on the consistency-driven preferences creation method, and the eigenvector determination method of Z-number valued matrixes. The study concludes with recommendations to avoid rate-shifting in economic decision-making, emphasizing the need for vigorous modeling approaches and sensitivity analysis. The recommended method's correctness and viability are demonstrated with an numerical example using Z-lab tool created for calculation of Z-numbers and sets.

    Keywords: Z-number, economic decision making, consistent preferences