Volume 14, Issue 3 (2022)

  1. SOME ASPECTS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ELECTRIC STEEL MELTING PROCESS

    Authors: Arif Mammadov, Nizami Ismayilov, Mukhtar Huseynov, Faiq Guliyev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-04

    Year: 2022 Pages: 4-12

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    Abstract: The article discusses some aspects of mathematical modeling of the process of melting electric steel on the basis of innovative metallurgical technologies. It was noted that the production of electric steel mainly consists of three stages - preparation of the charge, melting and casting of liquid steel. The most important of these stages is the mathematical modeling of the melting process, especially the physicochemical processes that take place during melting. All physicochemical processes controlled in order to obtain the required chemical composition of electric steel for modeling are combined into two main groups, such as metal refining and alloying. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of electric steel melting processes have been identified: to successfully solve different types of problems without conducting pro¬duc¬tion experiments; to ensure optimal modes of melting in specific production conditions. The problems to be solved by mathematical modeling have been identified: con¬struc¬tion of a model for specific conditions that allow to achieve the required value of any parameter of the solution; possibility to purchase electric steel in specific conditions; minimum cost of material, time, labor and energy and required chemical composition, temperature and mass melting of steel; automatic control of all parameters of the solution. To solve these problems, the characteristics of static, dynamic and mixed mathematical models have been identified. It has been shown that a deterministic mathematical model can be applied to a system of equations expressing the functional relationships between the parameters of the solution and the factors affecting them. The mixed mathematical model includes equations expressing functional correlations. This model is actually a deterministic static model. Depending on the problem, the expediency of using appropriate models in the melting of electric steel is justified. In general, the creation of a mathematical model of melting processes of electric steel includes: dividing the melting into elementary physicochemical processes within the limits of each period, ie decomposing the melting process; to give a quantitative description of each elementary process, ie to describe the process mathematically; write a mathematical model of each cycle of melting by combining the quantitative characteristics of the parameters and elementary processes controlled on the basis of the equations of material and heat balances; to obtain a mathematical model of the solution as a whole by combining mathematical models of different periods. As an example of the application of mathematical modeling in electroplating processes, the amount of pores formed during the steel melting process in the main braided electric arc furnace was calculated using scrap metal.

    Keywords: electroplating steel, mathematical modeling, static model, dynamic model, deterministic model, mixed model, functional relationships

  2. ABOUT SKIN EFFECTS OF OBLITERATION AND COMPRESSION

    Authors: Qafar Ismayılov, Shahin Ismayılov, Arzu Sultanova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-13

    Year: 2022 Pages: 13-21

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    Abstract: There should be factual information on the skin-effect on each well that reduces oil and gas production for operational work, as well as for the calculation of oil and gas deposits or for the design of field development. Well development and operation experience shows that contamination of the bottomhole zone and deterioration of leakage properties may be associated not only with collution, but also with events such as obliteration and rock compaction. Thus, during the operation of wells, events such as shrinkage and retention of microcatches and capillaries in fractured-porous formations over time are inevitable. The impact of this factor must also be taken into account, as the method of impact on the bottomhole zone and the compression of formations under the influence of overburden pressure. Such events should be attributed to the factors that increase the resistance of the bottomhole zone and should be studied as an object of research. The discovery of deep hydrocarbon deposits and their development experience show that failure to take into account the deformation of the porous medium as a result of a drop in formation pressure during development reduces the reliability of development parameters. The commissioning of deeper oil, gas and gas condensate fields requires the interpretation of mining data and the development of methods for hydrodynamic research of wells, taking into account the density of layers. Compression of stratified formations with significant deformation during development and the impact of this effect on the development process significantly improves the theory of filtration, taking into account the compression of formations in gas-hydrodynamic modeling, interpretation of mining data and other issues. In order to study and assess the skin effect associated with obliteration and compression, it is necessary to analyze real well data during the operation of productive oil layers. Three of them used the concepts of "normal" production, productivity, as well as the lowest production and productivity of the oil well in operation, and analyzed the performance of the well for several years. This analysis is based on the fact that production changes from depression to exponential law. The article puts forward a version of the existence of obliteration and compression skin effects along with colmatation in a practical example, and a methodology has been developed and tested to determine them. It has been found that during real depressions for collectors, these skin effects (So-c) may be greater than the colmatation skin effect (Scol). However, in practice, the value of the Scol is not accurately determined by one measurement based on the pressure build-up curve. The skin effect of obliteration and compression (So-c) is simply often negligible. In order to assess the skin-effect of colmotion and obliteration-compression in the reduction of well production, calculations were made at the values of the contour radius Rk = 150 m and well radius rq = 0.1 m. As a result, it was determined that the production of wells can be reduced by 64% due to the obliteration-compression effect. This is about 10 times more than skin effect of colmotation. It was determined that the skin-effect of obliteration and compression had a greater effect on productivity should be taken into consideration when forecasting well production.

    Keywords: obliteration, skin effect, collector, productivity, production, pressure

  3. AUTOMATIC MANAGEMENT OF LIGHTING IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECURITY SYSTEMS

    Authors: Javida Damirova, Shahyaman Hasanova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-22

    Year: 2022 Pages: 22-28

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    Abstract: This article discusses the topic of "Automatic lighting control of objects", which is widely used in modern times and is developing rapidly. Issues such as lighting of roads and facilities in the dark, control of lighting in vehicles are one of the most pressing issues in our daily lives as well as security and control system design schemes. This area also includes schemes for the construction of smart homes. For example, in homes, offices, etc., depending on the amount of light falling. This includes the opening and closing of curtains and blinds, and the activation of irrigation systems at sunset for healthy plant growth. This area also includes the construction of roadside traffic signs. In addition, we can create security systems for aircraft and other flight facilities by installing certain systems on high-rise buildings and towers using automatic lighting systems. In general, one of the most pressing issues in the world is the automatic control of lighting systems, the use of lighting systems in control and security systems, and the use of lighting systems in similar areas. For example, in a few years of automotive technology, cars will have a full-fledged autopilot function, which will be more effective in terms of safety. In this regard, there are ready-made options offered by brands such as Quantoom, Premier, Giordon, which are called advanced systems that free the driver from the need to manually adjust the car's headlights. We can cite the advantages of these systems as economy and sustainability. Modern automation systems are not only fashionable, but also have economic advantages: • in the automatic mode the schedule is strictly observed, as the influence of the human factor is excluded; • no need to go to check or turn off the lighting; • If the lighting is not turned off, there is no power loss, as the dispatcher is immediately notified and takes appropriate action • there is no need to go out and read the meters visually to perform technical energy measurements; • telemetry allows you to immediately detect unauthorized connections to lighting networks and detect theft of electricity; • With the help of telemetric measurements of voltages, currents and powers, it is possible to carry out initial diagnostics of the lighting network in case of any accident. It is known that the application of automated control of outdoor lighting allows you to monitor the condition of telecommunications networks and street lighting devices, control lighting modes, remo¬te¬ly control street lighting according to a predetermined schedule, as well as keep records of lighting. A more reliable system built from modern components requires less maintenance costs. The article also examines the circuits built in this area, the photoresistor element used as the main element in these circuits, its working principle, the physical structure of the photoresistor, operating logic, advantages and disadvantages. Also, the economic and safety advantages of automatic control of lighting systems were studied.

    Keywords: arduino, security systems, automatic lighting, photo resistor, smart dimmers, led lighting strips, availability detectors, web interfaces

  4. INFLUENCE OF THE SAND PRODUCTION ON THE WELL DRAINAGE AREA

    Authors: Jabrayil Eyvazov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-29

    Year: 2022 Pages: 29-36

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    Abstract: Most oil resources throughout the world have an issue with formation sand output. Because of its negative impact on well productivity and equipment, the generation of formation sand into a well is one of the oldest challenges afflicting the oil and gas industry. It's usually found in shallow, geologically young formations with little or no natural cementation to keep individual sand grains together. As a result, drag forces are applied to the formation of sands as a result of fluid production when the wellbore pressure is lower than the reservoir pressure. Sand will be drawn into the wellbore if the formation's restraining forces are surpassed. The sand that is generated has almost little commercial worth. Formation sand, on the other hand, can not only plug wells but also degrade equipment and collect in surface vessels. Controlling formation sand is expensive, and it typically entails slowing down output or employing control mechanisms. Safety, well or field economics, and continuous production are all affected by major sand production consequences. This has pushed the oil and gas sector to continue looking for ways to reduce sand output over time. Exclusive sand control or passive sand management are two methods that are frequently used. Sand Management is a concept in which production is controlled by monitoring and controlling well pressures, fluid flows, and sand input rather than using standard sand control methods. Sand Management has been adopted on a considerable number of wells in traditional oil and gas production in recent years. It has shown to be practical in almost all circumstances, and has resulted in the development of extremely favorable well skins as a result of self-cleaning caused by the sporadic sand explosions that occur. Low skins have resulted to greater productivity indices, and each well where sand treatment has been successful has seen enhanced oil or gas production rates. Additionally, costly sand control devices are avoided, and the viability of future well interventions is guaranteed. The capacity to forecast when a formation will fail and create sand is the foundation for determining which sand management method to employ (whether down-hole sand control system will be required or a sand management approach). As a result, sand prediction serves as the foundation for a significant reservoir development strategy. The variety of models available, as well as their relevance and accuracy, could be confusing and unrepresentative of the manufacturing process. Production engineers are often concerned about formation sand control. There are several strategies for preventing the creation of sand. Choosing a strategy to avoid formation sand generation is influenced by a variety of reservoir characteristics as well as political and economic factors. Economic and political factors can sometimes be more helpful than reservoir characteristics in determining the best option. Simultaneous analysis of political and economic factors with reservoir characteristics frequently yields results that deviate from what is expected. As a consequence, selecting the optimal sand control approach is the product of extensive research. Large amounts of hydrocarbons that may flow readily through the sand and into production wells are created through perforations into the well in formations where the sand is porous, permeable, and well cemented together. These produced fluids may have sand entrained in them, especially if the underlying deposit is unconsolidated. For a variety of reasons, manufactured sand is undesirable. Sand may harm equipment such as valves, pipes, pumps, and separators when it reaches the surface, thus it must be removed from the generated fluids at the surface. Furthermore, the generated sand may partially or totally choke the well, resulting in poor well performance and, eventually, production inhibition, necessitating a costly work-over. Sand production is a concern in several oil and gas sites across the world. Unconsolidated sandstones create formation sand with reservoir fluids in most of the world's oil and gas wells. Operators frequently prefer to implement down-hole sand control in all sand-prone wells since certain reservoirs can produce several tons of sand per day. The traditional approach to sand prediction is to recognize that if you get down to a specific pressure regime and rock strength, you will almost certainly create sand at some point during the well's life. Heavy oil reservoirs have been linked to sand production and its influence on well productivity. Increased aggressive gas production from conventional reservoirs, on the other hand, has resulted in increased sand output from gas reservoirs. Breakdown or disaggregation of rock into tiny enough bits to pass through perforations or screen apertures is a need for sand production. In many circumstances, rock breaks down gradually, a process known as strength deterioration. Following the commencement of field strength degradation, the reservoir rock must be further degraded before it can be broken down into producible aggregates in response to production conditions. As a result, recognizing and quantifying field-scale rock strength deterioration and having it included into a proper sand production quantification model is critical for forecasting and managing sand output during the life of a well. Sand formation is also a natural result of reservoir fluid flow into a wellbore.

    Keywords: sand control, well productivity, methods of sand control, viscoplastic modeling, layer parameters, nodal analysis

  5. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES

    Authors: Gulshen Kerimzade, Arif Gurbanov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-37

    Year: 2022 Pages: 37-47

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    Abstract: Electromechanical devices, control systems convert alternating current of one frequency into alternating current of another frequency, and are also used to control the speed and torque of alternating current motors by changing the frequency and supply voltage. Modern electromechanical devices are used in various industries to ensure continuous process control. The main elements of the control system of electromechanical devices are the power unit and the control device. In most cases, electromechanical systems occupy a central place in technical systems. Their main defining function is the conversion of electrical energy into controlled mechanical energy, i.e. they provide the ability to control the parameters (speed, acceleration, angular or linear displacement, power, torque, etc.) of the mechanical movement of control objects. Usually this function is carried out automatically. The use of various machines, mechanisms and installations in industry, science, everyday life facilitates human activities, increases productivity and quality, improves safety and comfort level. At present, the development and production of various electromechanical installations and elements that perform the same function, but differ in the principle of operation, design, control method and other features, are underway. On the basis of electromechanical systems for working with sensors, converters that convert their parameters into frequency in information-measuring systems have found wide application. The advantages of such converters include: resistance to interference, relatively simple application and circuit structure, manufacturability. The development of informa¬tion-measuring systems is characterized by the widespread use of measuring transducers that convert various physical quantities into electrical signals. As part of the information-measuring system, sen¬sors are marked as the first link and its metrological characteristics are determined. The deve¬lopment of modern transistors and thyristor converters is associated with the analysis of volumetric cal¬cu¬lations and research, new control algorithms and new schemes. Currently, such work is usually based on the mathematical modeling of equipment. In many cases, individual nodes of systems are modeled, as far as possible, equipment models are also built. Such models make it possible to analyze elec¬tro¬mag¬netic, electromechanical and thermal processes of numerous interconnected connections and as¬sumptions of elements. Most of the nodes of control systems, according to certain laws, perform the functions of converting and generating electrical signals of the information level. In order to increase the efficiency and reduce the weight and size indicators of the control system, they are aimed at reducing the power of the signals converted and produced on their part. The scheme for generating control pulses primarily depends on the type of control device and its static and dynamic features. Pulse shapers are one of the most widely used components of various electro-mechanical equipment, which are necessary for connecting installations, generating a logic level voltage from active sensors and detecting pulses. Changing the voltage value by the consumer through a pulse converter is called pulse regulation. By means of a non-contact key of the pulse converter, a source of direct or alternating voltage is perio¬dically connected to the load. As a result, voltage pulses are formed at the converter output. Voltage regulation at the load can be carried out by changing the output pulse parameters: duration tu or period T. The most widely used among the regulation methods are: transverse impulse (tu=var, T=const); frequency pulse (tu=const, T=var) and time pulse (tu=var, T=var) . In this case, the relative conduc¬tion time of the control valve is regulated, which leads to a smooth change in the average or effective voltage value. According to a number of features, one can note the classification of pulse converters: in relation to the input and output voltage (step-down, step-up, arbitrary voltage change); by type of key element (in thyristors, field-effect transistors, bipolar transistors). A choke, a capacitor and a battery can serve as an integrating element. Depending on the mode of operation: PWM controllers, relay controllers or on/off controllers. Pulse converters are also divided into reversible and non-rever¬sible. Irreversible converters convert smoothly changing input voltage into pulses of constant ampli¬tude and polarity, but of different duration. Reversing converters convert the input voltage into an alternating voltage (for various half-cycles of duration) or a constant amplitude into a pulsed voltage (for various durations and polarities). In a pulse voltage regulator, the regulating element operates in the key mode. This mode of operation helps to reduce energy losses, improve the weight and overall dimensions. Pulse DC voltage converters have found wide application as a stabilizer, regulator, power source for excitation windings of DC motors, electrical machines and mechanisms. Equipped with modern microprocessor technology, electromechanical converters contribute to the implementation of a wide variety of object control algorithms. Their application allows increasing the level of system automation, implementing energy saving technologies, applying new techno-logies, increasing equipment reliability and service life.

    Keywords: electromechanical device, electromechanical device, control system, pulse, relay, sensor, power section, power sources, frequency, power supply, output voltage

  6. MİNERALOGİCAL COMPOSİTİON, TEXTURE-STRUCTURAL PROPERTİES AND MİNERAL FORMATİON SEQUENCE OF THE ORE OF GOSHA GOLD- PYRİTE FİELD

    Authors: Gamat Guseynov, Abbas Abbasov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-48

    Year: 2022 Pages: 48-54

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    Abstract: As a result of microscopic researches it has been determined that mineralogical composition of the ore field consists of hypogenic,vein and hypergen minerals. A number of factors in formation of ore texture types and structure, including morphological properties of ore minerals, characters of ore solutions, affect of tectonic processes after ore formation are not excluded. Due to the influence of the above mentioned factors stratum, massive, nested textures replace each other in sequence in Gosha ore field. Stratum texture consists of fine, medium and big grain pyrite, quartz, carbonate sequence. Mass texture consists mainly of hardenied pyrite which gradually passes into the granular ore. Nested texture is formed in initval stage of ore formation as a result of pyrite cry stallation and is commonly found in non-ore area. Breccia - like texture is usually found on the edges of ore. Such a texture type mainly consists of pyrite and it is formed by the incorporation of ore solutions into derivative quartz. In the article, along with the texture properties of ore, its structure has already been studied. The structures found in the ore of the field are as follows: rhythmic zoning, porphyry-shaped, residual, cataclysmic. Ore formation process in Gosha field begins from quartz-pyrite. Then it proceeded with quatrz-gold-telluride, quartz-semisulfide, quatrz-carbonate and quartz-goldhelite-hydrochetite stages. This, mineralogical composition, texture-structure properties, mineral formation sequence of Gosha¬pyrite field ore give reason to say that it did not undergo post-metamorphism after the ore formation, and that the field was formed at a low depth, where metacolloid processes were widespread.

    Keywords: mineralformation, texture, structure, metacolloid, pyrite

  7. ON THE ANALYSİS OF OPERATİNG PRACTİCES OF LİQUEFİED GAS PİPELİNES

    Authors: Togrul Karimov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-55

    Year: 2022 Pages: 55-62

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    Abstract: The commissioning of high-productivity fields in the Caspian Sea over the years since the signing of the Treaty of the Century serves to accelerate the development of our country by demonstrating to the world the growing energy potential of Azerbaijan. The measures taken after the contract years of our country include the commissioning of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum oil and gas pipelines, the development of the Shah-deniz gas, Azeri-Chirag oil and Umid gas condensate fields, has become an oil and gas exporter to a number of countries based on the implementation of the TANAP and TAP projects within the Southern Gas Corridor project. The effective development of large-scale gas and condensate fields discovered in the deep waters of the Caspian Sea, which has been declared the 21st century in the world and entered into with major gas contracts, depends on the organization of safe and reliable operation of gas transportation systems. The main criteria for technical decisions made in connection with the preparation and transportation of gas during the development of gas condensate fields are the requirements for the operation of gas pipelines. It is also important to choose the right diameter of the pipeline. Larger diameters will incur additional costs and corrosion erosion in the pipeline, while smaller ones will not only limit the yield of production wells, but also increase pressure losses. On the other hand, if the transport distance of condensable gases is limited under certain wellhead pressures, the pipeline will be filled with condensate and gas transportation will be difficult. Therefore, process equipment and pipelines should be selected in such a way that it is possible to produce well products at all stages of field development. Azerbaijan's proven gas reserves are not the limit of 2.6 trillion m3. Many fields are still being assessed, and some fields are being explored, which is expected to increase resources. Therefore, the diversification of routes, the reliability of the complex for the transportation and storage of hydrocarbon resources is one of the main conditions for ensuring energy security. Accidents in the collection and transportation system as a result of complications arising from the physicochemical and rheological properties of hydrocarbons during transportation and storage, along with the loss of valuable raw materials, also damage the ecological condition of the environment. Elimination of the consequences of accidents and damage to the environment, as well as the restoration of the normal operation of the transport system requires additional financial resources. Thus, both hydrocarbon losses occur and the environment is polluted, as well as additional funding The cost increases due to the expenditure of funds. Analysis shows that in many cases, the difficulties and complexities that occur during the collection, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons are due to their multi-component and multi-phase, as well as structural structure. The sources of technological gas losses are indicated, and it was noted that the losses are due to the non-compliance of the equipment used in gas transportation processes and the technologies used in these systems with modern requirements. Due to the unsatisfactory operation of these instruments and equipment, a large amount of the liquid phase remains in the gas and is transferred together with the gas to the transport system. During transportation, as a result of the thermobaric effect of the environment, the thermodynamic parameters of the gas change, and the process of condensation of hydrocarbon condensate and water vapor in a liquid, i.e., phase transitions, leads to a change in the density and composition of the gas. This, in turn, leads to a difference between the amount of gas delivered and received. The value of gas losses in transport systems due to phase transitions varies depending on the season. On the other hand, retrograde phenomena such as condensation and evaporation can also occur under certain thermobaric conditions. That is, evaporation can occur with an increase in pressure, and condensation - with a decrease in pressure. At the same time, the lower temperature of the gas enriches it with water vapor and heavy hydrocarbons. Given that the main condition for the condensation of liquid vapor in a gas depends on the degree of saturation of the gas with vapor, and changes in pressure and temperature during transportation are of great importance. Since the phase transitions due to pressure and temperature changes during transportation were observed with hydrocarbon losses, gas losses were estimated based on the physicochemical analysis of gas samples taken from high and low pressure gas pipelines to assess these losses. According to operational data, the technological state of gas pipelines was studied. Timely and accurate assessment of the technological state of gas pipelines for reliable and safe operation is also very useful in terms of reducing hydrocarbon losses. The analysis showed that, in addition to monitoring the transport parameters, the effectiveness of quality and operational control over the operation of the gas pipeline can be improved on the basis of constant monitoring of the quality and composition of the gas. In other words, the properties of the gas component change along the pipeline can be used as a source of information. The discovery of a significant difference between the components of the gas at the beginning and end of the pipeline confirms the above. During the transportation of gases through the pipeline, the release of the liquid phase in the pipelines, such as water and condensate, due to incomplete completion of their preparation stage, complicates the operational process. Therefore, the transportation of gases and their various mixtures requires a proper assessment of the internal condition of the pipelines and the prevention of additional energy costs. Taking into account structural changes during the transportation of gases, including their various mixtures, the application of new methods for monitoring the operation of a gas pipeline, based on a change in the composition of the gas component, is considered for diagnosing the technological state of the gas pipeline. In order to prevent local erosion-corrosion spills in pipelines during gas transportation, in the first place, the separation of mixtures in the form of separate phases during transportation should not be allowed. According to the available data, the correlation between the corrosion rate in gas pipelines and the motion mode of the mixture in pipelines is very strong. In this regard, the removal of the liquid phase from the gas flow from inside the gas pipelines is accompanied by an increase in the efficiency of the system due to the protection of pipelines and auxiliary structures from corrosion.

    Keywords: separation, gas, pipeline, condensate, temperature, liquid additives, atmosphere

  8. STEADY - STATE LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS OF A VISCOUSLY DAMAGED ROD WITH REGARD TO SECONDARY EFFECTS

    Authors: Mehriban Mammadova, Vusala Rzayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-63

    Year: 2022 Pages: 63-70

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    Abstract: The problems of vibrations of structural elements still remain demanded due to the widespread use of polymeric and composite materials and also necessity of consideration of a damage factor. Mathe¬ma¬tical difficulty of many-dimensional problems led to the emergence of one-dimensional theories, approximately taking into account non-unidimensionality of movement. In the present paper, based on the Rayleigh core theory, we solve a problem of vibrations of a finite length viscously-damaged core.

    Keywords: viscously rod, longitudinal vibrations, variable loads, polymeric and composite materials

  9. THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT’S MEASURES TO SUPPORT THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY DURING COVID-19 CRISES

    Authors: Murad Mammadov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-71

    Year: 2022 Pages: 71-78

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    Abstract: The pandemic COVID-19 has plunged the world economy into the deepest recession since World War II. Despite additional policy support, GDP of world in 2020 decreased by 5.2 percent, then followed by an increase of 4.2 percent in 2021. The pandemic has deeply interrupted livelihoods, with the termination in nearly 500 million full-time jobs in second quarter of 2020 alone. And this situation pushed about 150 million people into poverty by 2021. The revival of pandemic is blowing out a shadow over the global restoration as countries are forced to pull tight social-distancing measures, but trust has been picked up by news that various vaccines have shown high effectiveness in clinical experiments. The pandemic is forecasting to have long-lasting scarring effects on productivity and prospective growth, as investment loses strength further and human capital accumulation slows for reason of prolonged school lock-downs and extended unemployment. Financing situations in Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs) have s amid gathering speed in COVID-19 cases. EMDEs suffering of higher debt burdens or financing needs are especially vulnerable to acute rise in borrowing costs and to restrictions in their access to financing. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to EMDEs dropped by about 32 percent in 2020 among stalling investment and poor corporate profit.

    Keywords: pandemic, fiscal assistance, government measures

  10. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USE IN FINANCE AND BANKING SYSTEM

    Authors: Saida Mammadova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-79

    Year: 2022 Pages: 79-88

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    Abstract: In the study carried out in order to measure the impact of artificial intelligence applications on the habits of individuals such as payment, savings and accumulation in the finance sector, firstly, the definition, functions of banks, one of the important institutions of the financial sector, are described. Furthermore, the concept of artificial intelligence was defined and the functioning of artificial intelligence in the financial sector was examined. The use of artificial intelligence in the financial sector has great advantages for users in terms of reducing costs, speeding up operations, applying security, and always being achievable. This study reveals how effective the use of artificial intelligence is in the financial sector and in the banking sector by system users. A survey of 120 people was used in the study, and when the results were looked at, it was seen that the use of artificial intelligence differed in terms of age, gender, occupation and income distribution. The questionnaire analyzed the age, income and training levels of the participants, convenience and reliability factors and users. The increase in the age, income and education levels of those who participate in the survey also increases the confidence in artificial intelligence. The effective use of artificial intelligence in the financial sector has resulted in great convenience for users.

    Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Digital Products, Financial Transformation, Fintech, Digital Financial Services

  11. RELATİONSHİP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL AND CATALYTIC IN THE REACTION OF CONVERSION OF ETHANOL TO ACETONE

    Authors: Nargiz Baghirova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-89

    Year: 2022 Pages: 89-95

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    Abstract: Low molecular weight ketones are among the most important products widely used in industry, however, the existing methods for their production are multistage. The significant disadvantages of these methods include the implementation of individual stages at high temperatures and pressures. As a result, the development of more economical and easy-to-implement processes is presented as an actual task for the basic organic synthesis industry. Recently, ethanol has been considered as a possible feedstock for the production of acetone. The prospect of using ethanol as a feedstock is due to the large renewable resources for its production. The growing interest in recent years in the production of ethanol by processing agricultural products and waste from the food and woodworking industries will undoubtedly stimulate further development of the method of producing acetone from ethanol. The catalytic conversion of ethanol to acetone is a relatively new method for producing acetone and, naturally, the number of publications devoted to this process is relatively small. In previously published works, as a rule, the issues of the mechanism of the process, as well as the relationship between the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the proposed active systems in these reactions, are not considered in detail. Active and selective catalysts were selected for the conversion reaction of ethanol to acetone, the mechanism of the process and the relationship between the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the activated sample were studied. The experiments were carried out on an active catalyst with the composition ZnO:CaO=9:1 The main provisions of the electronic theory of catalysis are developed in application to semi¬con-ductors, since, firstly, the theory of semiconductors is now more developed, and secondly, most of the catalysts used in practice belong to semiconductors. The surface of a semiconductor is the protection of two phases: a solid body-gas. The approach to this boundary from the side of the gaseous environment is essential for catalysis. The environment affects the surface and volume of the solid body. The influence of the environment is carried out through adsorption, as a result, the Fermi level shifts, and the electrophysical pro¬pert¬ies of catalysts change in the processes of adsorption and catalysis. Reactions of heterogeneous-catalytic transformation of low molecular weight alcohols are of great practical importance. The relevance of catalytic transformations of ethanol into various valuable products is the most important task of modern catalytic chemistry. To elucidate the mechanism of these reactions, a necessary step is to study the nature of the electronic interaction of reactants with a solid body, since the vast majority of catalysts of heterogeneous-catalytic oxidation - metal oxides, semiconductors, so especially promising is to involve methods for studying the electro physical properties of the surface. Changing these properties and studying the nature of their change in the atmosphere of the reactants, it is possible obtain valuable information about the nature of the electronic interaction of the reactant-catalyst. The works carried out in this direction showed that in most cases the process of chemisorption is accompanied by the appearance of an additional surface potential, indicating the charging of the surface in the presence of a particular reactant. The electrical and catalytic properties of a series of active zinc-calcium oxide catalysts were studied (their activity was also studied in previous experiments). The study of the electrical properties of the catalyst is of the greatest interest for elucidating the mechanism of reactions, since they can provide information about the nature of electronic transitions that limit the course of the reaction. The number of different factors determines the catalytic activity of a solid body. Each of these factors can correlate with certain properties of a solid body. When comparing catalytic and electrophysical properties electrical conductivity is most often measured. Measuring on the same catalyst sample under the same conditions of conductivity change can provide useful information about mechanism of action of the catalyst and the course of the catalytic reaction. Studies of the electrical conductivity of the synthesized catalysts have shown that all the catalysts studied are semiconductors. This article shows the relationship between the electrical and catalytic properties of zinc-calcium oxide catalysts.

    Keywords: catalyst, electrical conductivity, activation energy, adsorption, ethanol, acetone

  12. POSSIBILITIES OF "SMART HOME" SYSTEM

    Authors: Oktay Mirzayev, Idzabike Sardarova, Sabina Kazimova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-96

    Year: 2022 Pages: 96-100

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    Abstract: Comfortable living conditions have always been one of the main topics in people's minds. As progress has been made, people have been forced to invent more and more new devices to make their lives easier. Since ancient times, people have always tried to equip their homes with new equipment for maximum comfort with minimal effort. This article is devoted to the capabilities of the "Smart Home" system.

    Keywords: engineering systems, automation, smart home

  13. ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF SALTING AND CORROSION IN OIL AND GAS COMPLEX

    Authors: Sakit Rasulov, Elchin Nabiyev, Agil Heybatov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-101

    Year: 2022 Pages: 101-116

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    Abstract: One of the problems that cause difficulties in the operation of oilfield equipment and pipeline communications of wells during oil production is asphalt-tar and paraffin (AGPCH). Accumulation of AGPCH in the flow of oilfield equipment reduces the productivity of the system and the coefficient of useful operation of pumping units, as well as shortens the maintenance period. Reduction of pressure at the bottom of the well and, in this regard, violation of thermodynamic balance of the gas-fluid system, intensive gas separation, temperature drop in the reservoir and well body, change of speed of movement of the gas-liquid system and its individual components, composition of hydrocarbons in each phase of the mixture, ratio of the volume of phases and the state of the surface of pipelines. During oil and gas extraction, deposits of inorganic salts are also formed on the inner walls of mining pipelines and equipment. The deposition of salts on the surface of the working bodies of pumps increases their frictionality, causing the dispersion of shafts, workbenches of centrifugal pumps. In oil fields, the deposition of calcium sulfate, calcium and magnesium carbonate and sodium chloride is also characteristic. In aqueous solutions, H2S significantly enhances the penetration of hydrogen into steel compared to general corrosion. The catalytic effect of hydrogen sulfide on hydrogen fragility of metals is given. The presence of CO2 in the liquid and gas produced during oil and gas extraction also speeds up the corrosion process. Therefore, the essence of the corrosion process in the presence of CO2 is shown. Since CO2 is soluble in water and forms weak carbonic acid H2CO3, this acid dissociates into hydrocarbonate and carbonate ions. Formation of CaCO3 in the water phase of oil fields products goes in the presence of hydrocarbonate ions, since the concentration of carbonate ions in them is close to zero. Since one of the products of this reaction is carbonic acid, the deposition of CaCO3 depends on the pressure. Most organic compounds have the ability to slow down corrosion of metals. Organic compounds are inhibitors of mixed action, in other words, they affect the speed of both cathodic and anode processes. Investigation of corrosion sensitivity conditions and mechanism of their formation of equipment and pipe and communication lines in the oil and gas industry makes it possible to develop more effective inhibitors.

    Keywords: oil emulsion, salting, corrosion, water phase, inhibitory, hydrogen fragility

  14. RESERVOIR PRESSURE MAINTENANCE (RPM) ON OIL DEPOSITS

    Authors: Zakir Abdurrahımov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-117

    Year: 2022 Pages: 117-124

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    Abstract: The article provides a brief analysis of the issue of improving oil recovery as a result of lower formation pressure in offshore oil wells. In the introductory part, the issues of lowering the formation pressure during the operation of oil and gas fields were considered. It is known that during the initial operation of wells, the wellhead pressure is high, so the wellhead is sufficient to transport pressure. However, after a period of operation, a sharp drop in formation pressure is observed, and when the wellhead pressure is less than the pressure in the in-house pipelines, it is not possible to transport the oil or gas obtained through these pipelines. In such conditions, in order to improve the development of oil storage, products from offshore oil and gas fields are transported to the shore through special tanks. The issue of increasing the wellhead pressure of such wells has been widely studied, as the occurrence of such transport leads to the consumption of additional funds. The decrease in formation pressure is observed differently in different wells. This situation mainly varies depending on the operating conditions and service life of the wells. In this case, in order to increase the service life of oil and gas fields, work is underway to artificially increase the formation pressure. Thus, in order to eliminate the problem of reducing the formation pressure, gas or liquid is injected into the well from the outside, which helps to increase the pressure. In wells where the pressure in the pipe mouth space is reduced, the process of applying additional pressure from the outside is carried out continuously during the next operation. Then the pumps used to inject liquid and gas into the reservoir were inspected. Their equipment and various parts are shown through graphs. It was noted that pumps and pumping equipment differ in their characteristics depending on the volume and conditions of liquids and gases injected from the outside as a result of the reduction of formation pressure. In addition, the collection system and transportation process of such wells have been reviewed and explained in detail using graphs and tables. Finally, the generalized results from the considered topic were noted.

    Keywords: fountain armature, reservoir pressure maintenance, injection pressure, pumping equip-ment, pump station, manifold block

  15. ON THE SEPARATION OF SIMILAR FACILITIES BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS

    Authors: Vefa Suleimanova, Nurlan Jabizade, Sevil Zeynalova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei14032022-125

    Year: 2022 Pages: 125-133

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    Abstract: As in all fields of science, in geology it is very important to study the degree of similarity or diversity of deposits and their layers [1,2]. The similarity or diversity of the deposits should be realized using the values of their complex parameters (collector indicators, physico-chemical properties of formation fluids, energy properties, etc.). In this case, the field or layer is considered a multidimensional object and is classified using specially designed models. Classification methods play a key role in creating the geological basis of oil and gas fields. Therefore, it is very difficult to compile development projects for each of them. Here it is convenient to carry out geological-technological measures not in separate exploitation objects, but in groups consisting of similar objects. There are many methods of classification in geology. The most commonly used are cluster, factor and discriminant analysis. In the article, with the help of cluster analysis, a grouping operation of similar objects was carried out on the example of block IV of the Neft Dashlary field. When applying cluster analysis, it should be checked whether there is a relationship between the data carrier parameters.When there is a dependence between the parameters, some errors occur as a result of the classification.Therefore, this method can be used as an express method. Due to the time constraints in the development of offshore fields, maximum oil must be produced in a relatively short period of time. For this purpose, both II and III impact methods should be applied to the fields, the well network should be compacted, and it is necessary to use mathematical methods to separate the exploitation objects at the cross-section of the field and to separate the objects that can be developed together. Neft Dashlary belongs to the Absheron archipelago, located in the Caspian Sea, and is the second most potential field in terms of hydrocarbon reserves after the Guneshli field. The field was opened in 1949. It is divided into 6 tectonic blocks by numerous faults. According to the information received, 81% of the remaining recoverable oil reserves belong to blocks IV and V. The maximum thickness of the studied sedimentary complex was recorded in the area of V tectonic block 3350 m according to well 1918. Extensive research has been carried out in the Lower Pliocene (Productive strata) sediments, which, like other fields in the Absheron oil and gas district are important for industrial oil reserves. The lithological composition of the Productive strata (lower Pliocene) consists of the replacement of sand, sandstone, siltstone and clay, as the Absheron oil and gas district. The thickness of these sediments is up to 2400 m. Since the beginning of development, 1804 wells have been drilled in the field, of which 338 wells are in operation. Injection method is used to prevent the formation pressure in the field from falling. The process of impact with water began in 1953, and a certain amount of additional oil production was obtained [3, 4]. The IV tectonic block of the Neft Dashlary field was involved in the research. Development of tectonic block IV began in 1951 with the commissioning of the horizon QA-2a. 18 productive horizons have been developed in the block. Given that each of these 18 facilities is in the final, that is stage IV of development, the study of the geological features of the effective completion of development is a very important problem. Since the beginning of development, 32693.0 thousand tons of oil and 2907.9 million m3 of dissolved gas have been extracted from the block. The number of drilled wells is equal to 369. The number of operating wells is equal to 71. The current oil recovery factor for the block was 0.414, and the last oil recovery factor was 0.492 [5, 6, 7, 8]. VIIa, VIII, IX, X and FLD IV are the basic horizons of the block. 20.5% of the oil extracted from this block falls on these horizons. As for the analysis of the well fund, according to the current data, 23 exploration, 319 exploitation and 27 water injection wells have been drilled in the studied area. There are 74 wells in the general exploitation well fund, of which 71 are in operation and 3 are inactive. Of the existing production wells, 2 are operated by fountains and 69 by gas lifts. 4 wells are working in the injection [9, 10]. Due to certain geological and technical reasons, 280 wells (254 wells from the exploitation fund, 26 wells from the pumping fund) have been liquidated, and 11 wells are awaiting liquidation from the exploitation fund. 18 oil exploitation facilities are separated in the IV tectonic block of Oil Rocks. At this time, it is very difficult to develop separate projects for any facility. Therefore, it is considered expedient to develop measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of development not for separate exploitation facilities, but for a similar exploitation facility, and classification methods are used [11].

    Keywords: deposit, block, reserve, well, injection, cluster analysis, group, geological-technological, classification