Volume 13, Issue 2 (2022)

  1. REMOVAL OF HIGH-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS UNDER ACTION OF BAF-1 REAGENT INCLUDED BY DEPOSITS DURING STORAGE OF TRANSPORTED OIL IN TANKS

    Authors: Zeynab Abdullayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-04

    Year: 2022 Pages: 4-17

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    Abstract: Sedimentation occurs during storage and transportation of all produced oil, which leads to a reduction in the effective capacity of tanks, corrosion spills, difficulty in checking the condition of the tank, a large amount of oil loss and, most importantly, changes in the composition of oil. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the volume of the fraction during oil refining. In order to effectively combat sediment formation, it is necessary to determine its essence, as well as the basic laws of this process. One of the most important problems in the operation of tanks is their cleaning. During long-term operation, sediment accumulates at the bottom of the tanks, which reduces their useful volume and complicates their operation. Sedimentation in tanks is due to the separation of solid phases in the oil and its subsequent deposition. This is a natural and necessary process that is directly related to the increase in the concentration of heavy components - asphaltene, resin, paraffn in the total volume of oil during the mixing of different oils. On the other hand, the separation of the solid phase depends on the physical and chemical properties of the oil, temperature and a number of other factors, and the intensity of accumulation depends on the design and maintenance characteristics of the tank. During long-term storage of oils of different densities and viscosities, depending on the constantly changing temperature regime of storage conditions, sediment accumulates at the bottom and walls of the tank and is unevenly distributed over the area. Its relative thickness is observed in areas far from the intake and distribution pipes, which does not allow to more accurately determine the actual amount of oil in the tank. Over time, the sediment thickens; washing is difficult in some areas, and sometimes not at all. To ensure efficient and reliable operation of the tanks it is important to regularly clean them of accumulated sediment. One of the most important problems in the operation of tanks is their cleaning. During long-term operation, sediment accumulates at the bottom of the tanks, which reduces their useful volume and complicates their operation. Sedimentation in tanks is due to the separation of solid phases in the oil and its subsequent deposition. Manual cleaning of tanks from oil sludge is a fairly common method of cleaning. First of all, this method is used to clean small tanks. When cleaning the tanks in this way, the tank is first steamed, then washed at a temperature of 30-50 ° C and a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa. The device used for pumping water consists of a pump and an ejector. The washing water is pumped along with the oil sludge. The solid sediment and sand are removed with a shovel, a shovel and a bucket. Cleaning of tanks from sediments is a dangerous labor-intensive work and requires considerable material costs. Even the most advanced chemical-mechanized treatment method does not eliminate human manual labor and requires preparation for the installation of additional equipment, as the main problem in technological and commercial tanks is the formation of high-molecular asphaltene and resin paraffin compounds in oils. The component composition of asphaltene-resin-paraffin sediments (ARPS) varies widely over a single oil recovery region, even within a single field. Knowing the composition of ARPS is of practical importance in determining the optimal methods of combating them, or more precisely in the selection of chemical reagents. A 1:1:1 mixture of all three sediments conventionally called BAF-1. the coordination polymer was injected and expelled until a dry residue was obtained (450-600 °C) and the sample was cooled and RFA analyzed. In order to prevent the formation of coagulants, it is important to pre-inject anticoagulant into the oil mass in the tank, which can successfully perform this task with the reagent we offer. As for the cleaning (washing) of the already formed sediments, the proposed reagent can break down large coagulants (associations) and ensure their re-dissolution in the oil mass.

    Keywords: asphaltene, resin, paraffin, associate, Balakhani, Bulla, Diogenes, BAF-1

  2. A SHORT REVIEW ON POLYVINYLPYRIDINE AND MANGANESE BASED COMPLEXES AS EFFICIENT CATALYSTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

    Authors: Aygun Isazade

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-018

    Year: 2022 Pages: 18-24

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    Abstract: Manganese and polyvinylpyridine-based complexes have been shown to be effective catalysts for many catalytic reactions. These catalysts carry out oxidation with very high efficiency, while activating the C-H groups and easily eliminating their internal reactivity. Although many manganese and polyvinylpyridine-based catalysts have significant activity, their application, as well as attempts to increase their synthetic potential, have not yet been developed. To this end, we reviewed studies on manganese and polyvinylpyridine-based catalysts to increase their application in many chemical reactions, such as the oxidation of n-alkanes, alcohols, and olefins, and hope that our brief review will lead to the development of new organic synthesis of Mn/polyvinylpyridine-based catalysts.

    Keywords: Poly-4-vinylpyridine, Mn(II) based catalysts, oxidation, organic synthesis

  3. SELECTION OF A SET OF INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE OBJECT PERFORMANCE OF A FAULT

    Authors: Aynur Jabieva, Gulnara Iskenderova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-25

    Year: 2022 Pages: 25-32

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    Abstract: The continuous complication of technical objects and the growth in the degree of automation of the control process bring to the fore the problem of optimal organization of the operation of complex technical objects. An important role is assigned to the definition of the state of objects, which, due to the influence of external and internal factors, changes over time. Technical diagnostics are responsible for resolving all issues related to determining the state of technical objects and the nature of its change over time. Technical diagnostics deals with the study of methods that determine the actual state of technical objects. This provision causes fundamental differences in the methods of research of technical objects used in the theory of reliability and in technical diagnostics. Possible malfunctions are divided into element malfunctions, which are defined as unacceptable quantitative changes in any parameter (characteristics) due to irreversible physical and chemical changes, and object malfunctions, which are interpreted as unacceptable quantitative changes in parameters (characteristics) or changes in structural relationships in the object. The process of determining the actual state of the object provides for the existence of a reasonable program and specified diagnostic algorithms. The diagnostic algorithm is a set of operations performed in a certain sequence in order to solve a specific diagnostic problem. The diagnostic program is a sequence of operations (algorithms) determined in time to establish the actual state of the object and the nature of its change. In this case, the initial data are the sequence of operations, the duration of each operation, the number of operations performed in parallel, and the required power of energy sources. Performance conditions can be formulated on the basis of an analysis of the model of the object being diagnosed or obtained on the basis of an experiment in the study of a real object. In this case, the performance conditions are defined either as restrictions on changes in dynamic and static characteristics or a set of object parameters, or as a requirement to perform specified functions in accordance with a certain logic. Analysis in the complex plane and the formulation of performance conditions as a requirement to find the roots of the transfer function in a given area make it relatively easy to make the transition to setting performance conditions in the time and frequency domains or in the area of controlled parameters. The health of an object is determined by its state. To assess the state of an object, it is necessary to plant it or perform its work functions, or respond to special control actions. In the first case, a so-called functional test will be carried out, in the second case, an assessment by parameters or characteristics. When checking for functioning, as a rule, there is no quantitative assessment and performance is determined by the compliance of the movements of the executive bodies, the amount (volume or weight) of the working fluid, products and positions of the switching bodies with the values set for the operating mode of the object. In addition, during the operation of the object, its performance can be assessed indirectly by the level of noise, the nature of the radiation, and the energy consumed. When evaluating the performance, as the parameters of the object, one can consider the parameters of the elements, the coefficients of the transfer function or the parameters of the dynamic links. When evaluating the performance of an object by characteristics, one can directly compare the actual characteristics with the reference ones, use integral estimates or compare individual indicators of static or dynamic characteristics. As indicators of time characteristics, quality indicators known from the theory of automatic control can be considered: decay time, rise of the first surge, delay, reaching a given level, period and number of oscillations, overshoot, etc. Frequency characteristics can be compared by maximum amplitude, bandwidth, frequencies cutoff and maximum. Parameters or characteristics can be evaluated separately at the facility or by comparing the response of the facility and an equivalent model to the same impact. In this case, it becomes necessary to build a model that is equivalent to an object based on controlled parameters or characteristics.

    Keywords: Technical diagnostics, object analysis, diagnostics, object health, resonant frequency, fault finding algorithms, decay time

  4. AGRARIAN REFORMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRIBUSINESS FORMS IN AZERBAIJAN

    Authors: Ayaz Tagiyev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/10.36962/swd07012022-30

    Year: 2022 Pages: 30-39

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    Abstract: Legal support for the implementation of agrarian reform in our country is the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, laws adopted on the implementation of agrarian reforms, decrees to ensure their implementation, decisions adopted by the state on the development of the agrarian sector. Theoretical and practical instructions and decisions arising from these laws, decrees and decisions determine the methodological basis for the establishment of private farms, the formation and development of entrepreneurship. The main purpose of the implementation of agrarian reforms in our country is to achieve the organization of special forms of economy in accordance with the law of market economy and to develop entrepreneurship in all areas of the agrarian sector by all means. It should be noted that the State Agrarian Reform Commission, local and regional agrarian reform commissions have been established to carry out agrarian reforms in the country.

    Keywords: agrarian, reform, industry, economy

  5. INTERNET OF THINGS

    Authors: Javida Damirova, Laman Musayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-33

    Year: 2022 Pages: 33-43

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    Abstract: This article will discuss the Internet of things, which is a completely new technology. Currently, the world's most talked about new electronics use Internet of Things technology. This technology includes Google, Yandex, YouTube and all our social networks. The current benefits of Internet of Things technology will be discussed, as well as its future position. What is the role of smart technologies in the development of robotics, new electronics and the impetus for new inventions? The Internet of Things is a new paradigm that transforms traditional lifestyles into high-tech lifestyles. Many important studies and researches have been conducted to improve the technology through IoT. The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data. The main purpose of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion, both technologically and socially. It is not just about the connected devices but also about the hardware, software, connectivity and communication protocols, middleware and so much more to create Internet of Things solutions as mentioned. And it’s also about many processes and technologies. So, this is most important theme in our world. The article discusses various problems and key issues in IoT, architecture and important applications. The Internet of Things is an emerging paradigm that enables the communication between electronic devices and sensors through the internet in order to facilitate our lives. IoT has also demonstrated its importance and potential for economic and industrial growth in the developing region. It is also seen as a revolutionary step in the trading and stock markets. However, data and information security is an important concern and is highly desirable, which is a major challenge that needs to be addressed. The Internet, the biggest source of security threats and cyber attacks, has opened various doors for hackers, thereby discrediting information and data. IoT is committed to providing the best possible solutions to deal with data and information security issues. IoT's most important concern in trade and the economy is security. The IoT system consists of a large number of devices and sensors that communicate with each other. They can range from a Wi-Fi pet camera on your bookshelf to a medical device implanted in your body, like a pacemaker. As long as the device is able to connect to the internet and has sensors that transmit data, it can be considered an IoT device. As the IoT network grows and expands, the number of these sensors and devices is growing rapidly. These devices communicate with each other and transmit large amounts of information over the Internet. This information is very large and flows every second, and therefore deserves to be called great information. The IoT was initially most interesting to business and manufacturing, where its application is sometimes known as machine-to-machine (mean - M2M), but the emphasis is now on filling our homes and offices with smart devices, transforming it into something. Today, these IoT projects are evolving and rapidly spreading to all platforms. It is possible to find IoT projects for each topic. As mentioned earlier, IoT projects are designed to make life easier. These projects, created to help as many people as possible, will be the most important part of our future lives. It will be impossible to imagine our lives without the Internet of Things and smart projects. A smart city with sensors covering all its regions using diverse tangible gadgets and objects all over the community and connected with the help of internet. The continuous expansion of IoT-based networks poses complex challenges such as data management and collection, storage and processing, and analytics. This article sheds light on the existing literature and describes their contributions to various aspects of IoT. This article will help readers and researchers understand IoT and its application to the real world

    Keywords: arduino, sensors, security systems, robotics, intelligent technology

  6. INVESTIGATION OF WELLS IN THE WORKING FUND OF “AZNEFT” PU AND PROPOSAL OF ANTI-SAND MEASURES

    Authors: Alesker Jabarov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-44

    Year: 2022 Pages: 44-51

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    Abstract: One of the most common complications during the operation of wells in oil fields is the formation of sand. During the formation of sand wells, time stops, their repair takes a long time, as a result, there is a significant loss of production of the well. A floating sand with liquid entering the bottom of a well, destroys the working equipment, loses speed and breaks down at the bottom of the well, forming a sand plug. Removal of sand plugs requires a lot of labor, but sometimes leads to the loss of oil in many wells and the destruction of rocks in the subsurface zone of wells and deformation of the operating pipeline. One of the most pressing problems in the oil industry today is to prevent rock particles from collapsing in the wellbore area and sand accumulation. Despite numerous scientific studies and mining experiments on the sand prevention mechanism, no universal method of sand control has been found. Studies show that the load on the walls of the protective pipeline is the main cause of failure of wells as a result of deformation of the pipeline within the operating facility. Sand block formation during the operation of fragile, poorly cemented reservoirs is an important factor in the close relationship between production line deformation and sand block formation in the well, which requires consideration of the geological and operational characteristics of the field an object. The internal structure of the formation usually changes before the collector rocks are washed away by the infiltration stream. Changes in rock structure during the filtration process occur as a result of mechanical suffocation and compaction of rocks (separation of particles in the rock under the influence of pressure gradients during the movement of oils containing heavy particles in the formation). The most effective way to combat wellhead flushing and sand blockage is to reduce the amount of fluid removed from the formation. This is due to the regulation of the pressure drop in the wellbore. Rock collapse is accompanied by the introduction of sand grains into the wellbore, thereby continuously reducing the permeability of the wellbore zone. However, the sharp decline in well yields is not due to a decrease in the permeability of the formation, but to the high resistance created by the blockage, which closes the filter section and is formed by small sand grains. Colmatization of mechanical mixtures in the wellbore area, contamination of the wellbore, increased vibrations and more intensive wear of the equipment inside the well create serious complications. Despite the widespread use of rod depth pumps, their operation in sand wells is complicated. As a result, the voltage on the rods and the electric motor increases, the rods are stretched, broken, the pliers are idle, the electric motor is overloaded, and so on. occurs. The formation of sand plugs is more pronounced in the final stages of field development. At the moment, due to the sand plugs in the wells, they often stop for repairs, which reduces of the time between repairs and increases the over-all operating costs. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues facing oil workers is to study the causes of sand plugs, to investigate the processes taking place in the plug zone and to develop effective methods to combat sand by analyzing the operation of such wells. If the sand completely closes the filter of the production casing and as a result the flow of liquid to the bottom hole is completely stopped, such a complication can be eliminated by either washing the bottom hole or strengthening the well hole zone. However, in many cases this technology does not work or is not cost-effective. Based on the results of the study, indicator diagrams or graphs of changes in the percentage of oil, water, gas and sand are plotted depending on the pressure in the well or the dynamic level, as well as adjustment curves, i.e. graphs of the dependence of these indicators on the parameters of deep pumping. According to the results of studies carried out by measuring the dynamic level of a deep pump, an indicator diagram can be constructed using the method. This method consists of recording dynamic levels on the same scale selected on the vertical axis, plotting the level drops on the right axis, and recording the percentages of liquid, oil, water, gas, and sand on the horizontal axis. The amount of sand recovered can be expressed in volumes or units of weight. Liquid, oil and water debits should be taken on the same scale. They select the appropriate scale for gas and GOR as well as the percentage of sand, and the level drawdown (difference between static and dynamic levels) is also determined as fluid levels are measured from the wellhead. In order to investigate the impact of mechanical mixtures on the operation of the pump and to determine the measures to be taken, information was collected on the repairs carried out in the shaft depth pump wells on the of “Azneft” PU.

    Keywords: sand, pump, plunger, cylinder, pump-compressor pipes, mechanical particles, coagulation

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF DRILLING OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES ON THEIR WARNING

    Authors: Javahir Gasimova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-52

    Year: 2022 Pages: 52-59

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    Abstract: Currently, one of the most important problems facing oil and gas companies is the low degree of extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials from the bowels. The main reasons for low well production in drilling operations are possible complications. The article investigates the calendar time of well construction, determines the proportion of time spent directly on the destruction of rocks spent on tripping operations, auxiliary work, repair work, organizational downtime. As a result of these data, the need for work to prevent and eliminate complications of various nature was revealed. A significant share of the funds spent is allocated to the production of drilling operations, the cost of which is determined by organizational, technical, technological, investment, and other factors. At the same time, according to the existing statistics (experience of drilling operations of Azneft SOCAR) in the calendar time of construction of one well of medium depth, the share attributable directly to the destruction of rocks is approximately 20.64%. The rest of the time is spent on round-trip operations, auxiliary work, repair work and organizational downtime. Therefore, the main task of drilling is to increase the share attributable directly to the destruction of rocks and reduce the NPV (not production time) in the general calendar balance from the start of drilling operations to delivery to ex- exploitation after mastering. One of the complications that reduce the efficiency of putting wells successfully drilled to the design depth of wells for operation, according to the results of their development, is pollution near the well space during its construction. The preservation of the natural permeability of productive formations in the technological processes of well construction, from the initial opening to its overhaul, is still an urgent problem, despite the urgent need to solve this problem, since this well productivity is directly related. A change in the filtration characteristics of a productive formation during the construction, operation or repair of a well occurs within the area of the formation adjacent to the wellbore - the bottomhole formation zone (BFZ). It is known that the decrease in the filtration properties of the BFZ occurs due to the introduction of process fluids and mechanical impurities into the pore space of the filtrate during drilling, cementing, opening the formation by perforation. In this regard, the purpose of the applied and developed technologies is to reduce or eliminate the negative impact of the main factors on the reservoir properties of productive formations and preserve the potential productivity of wells.

    Keywords: well complication, tripping operations, calendar time, filtration characteristic, specific flow rate

  8. COMPREHENSIVE PROCESSING OF DRILL SLUDGE AND AGRO-ORE RAW MATERIALS OF AZERBAIJAN INTO MINERAL FERTILIZERS

    Authors: Samira Garaybayli

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-60

    Year: 2022 Pages: 60-65

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    Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of processing drill cuttings into mineral fertilizers using clay from the Khizi field of Azerbaijan. The processing of the raw materials under study was carried out with spent nitric acid, a waste product of the electrochemical polishing of steel and alloys with an electrolyte. To dilute the acid to a concentration in the studied interval, we used mine waters from the copper mines of the Gadabay region of Azerbaijan, containing microelements. The influ¬ence of the process temperature, concentration of nitric acid and the duration of decom¬position of raw materials on the degree of extraction of elements useful for plants included in the composition of raw minerals. It was found that the use of 25% HNO3 at a process temperature of 90°C for 60 minutes can be taken as the optimal parameters for the decomposition of the selected raw material in the ranges under consideration. The advantage of the influence of the concentration of nitric acid over the consumption norm on the degree of extraction of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 has been revealed. The results obtained can be used to provide the agricultural sector of the country with mineral fertilizers through the use of local resources.

    Keywords: industrial waste, agro-ore raw materials, processing, mineral fertilizers

  9. EFFECT OF BIOGEO-CHEMICAL ACTIVE MICROELEMENTS ON LIVING ORGANIZMS IN THE ABSHERON PENINSULA

    Authors: Latıfa Kazımova, Irada Mamedova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-66

    Year: 2022 Pages: 66-71

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    Abstract: The article is devoted to eco-geochemical analysis of soil on the basis of general patterns of migration and concentration of biochemically active elements, analysis of chemical properties of man-made contaminated soils on the basis of soil samples in natural-man-made landscape systems, interpretation of soil pollution levels and causes. The article deals with the possible effects of toxic elements in living things in the study area and the separation of biogeochemical provinces. The main purpose of our research is to conduct eco-geochemical analysis of soil based on general patterns of migration and concentration of biochemically active elements in the area, analysis of chemical properties of man-made contaminated soils on the basis of soil samples in natural-man-made landscape systems, study of soil pollution levels and causes [1; 3]. Model areas in Bibiheybat, Surakhani and Ramana in the Absheron Peninsula were selected for the study and samples were taken and analyzed. It was determined that microelements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), boron (B) predominate in the soil. The biochemical properties of each of the dominant toxic elements were considered separately. During the field research, the method of cutting according to the specific landscape conditions of the studied area was used. In order to study the geochemical properties of landscapes from an ecological point of view, as well as to determine the total amount and distribution of macro and microelements in landscape components, as well as carcinogenic toxic microelements polluting the environment, samples were taken from mountain rocks and soil genetic layers and studied by chemical and spectral analysis in laboratory condition. As a result of the analysis of the composition of landscape components in the areas of Ramana, Haji Zeynalabdin, Yeni Yashma, Shurabad, Khirdalan, Guzdek, Sungurdagh, Garadagh, Sangachal, Shikhlar, Gobustan, Fatmayi, Dubandi and Zira included in the study area separation of biogeochemical provinces would be expedient. It is known that biogeochemical provinces are landscape areas where microelements are more or less than in other areas. Identification and study of biogeochemical provinces . associated with the names of prominent figures such as V.I. Vernadski, A.P. Vinoqradov, A.Y. Fersman, B.B. Polınov, V.V. Kowalski et al. Similar studies in Azerbaijan was conducted by B.Q. Shakuri and distinguished 7 biogeochemical provinces in the territory of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The separation of biogeochemical provinces allows to determine the regularity of the spread of endemic diseases in accordance with the predominance or deficiency of microelements in the area by province. In such states, living organisms (plants, animals and humans) form a biological reaction, and living organisms become infected with endemic diseases. The presence of these microelements is one of the factors that play a key role in the progress of physiological and biochemical processes in living organisms. deficiency or lack of components of these microelements in soil, water, plants, etc. affects the composition of feed, the quality of livestock products, which leads to metabolic disorders in the human body, causing various diseases. That is why it is important to study the amount and form of trace elements in the components of the landscape - especially in the soil and plants.

    Keywords: toxic elements, geochemistry, soil, migration, biogeochemical zone

  10. PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON GLASS WASTE

    Authors: Gunel Mammadova, Nahida Jafarova, Mehpara Sadigova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-72

    Year: 2022 Pages: 72-79

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    Abstract: The article discusses the study of the properties of high-strength concrete based on glass waste. The main purpose of this dissertation is to show the possibility of using glass fragments as a concrete filler, to study the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained concrete and to clarify its application in construction. The urgency of the work is currently characterized by the widespread use of high-tech new generation concrete in the field of construction - modified high-strength concrete. Due to the high cost of natural raw materials, it is especially important to conduct research that reveals new opportunities for the use of waste in the creation of new construction materials. Increased attention is paid to the disposal of industrial and domestic waste. This is necessary, especially in large cities, where the environmental situation is deteriorating. However, there are types of glass that are recycled or considered unfit for recycling, are difficult to process, and require high costs, and their waste still occupies landfills. This type of waste can be successfully used in the preparation of construction materials. In recent years, the effective use of glass waste in the production of high-strength concrete composites has been found in foreign literature As a fine aggregate selected for the study, a mixture of construction sand taken from the Shikhlar sand deposit of Absheron and waste sand from rock quarries was used. Glass waste - The scale of glass waste generation is very large. Industrial waste is 0.32 million tons per year. In addition, glass accounts for 5-7% of the total volume of solid waste, which is about 1.3 ... 1.9 million tons per year. We used waste-crushed granite concrete gravel as a filler for concrete. Granite gravel with 5-10 and 10-20 mm fraction was used as a filler for concrete. Experiments for the study were conducted in 2 directions. In the first case, very fine glass powder was used for the experiments. Granite gravel with a fraction of 5-10 mm was used for the production of first-class concrete samples using glass waste as a filler for the taken concrete samples, natural sand and glass waste with a grain size of 0-10 mm from the Shikhlar field of Absheron were used as a fine filler. Row II of the concrete samples was also prepared for testing to increase strength. Crushed granite with a fraction of 5-10 mm, crushed granite sand with a size of 0-10 grains and glass fragments were used as aggregates for this series of samples. Like all materials, microsilicate reacts with calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 formed during the wetting of Portland cement in the process of wetting the binders. The high purity and increased dispersion of microsilicate contributes to a more efficient and faster reaction, which depends on the composition of the reactive silicon. Silicon mist, together with effective superplasticizers, can provide compression resistance many times higher than ordinary concrete. The average value of microsilicate water suspension is 7.74 . The fineness of microsilicate can be compared with the fineness of other powdered materials: microsilicate - 140000 - 300,000 sm2 / g, volatile ash - 4000 - 7000 sm2 /g, Portland cement - 3000 - 4000 sm2 / g. The use of microsilicate helps to reduce cement consumption up to 200 - 450 kg / m3, has a high compressive strength: 60 - 80 MPa and above 80 MPa for fine-grained concrete, increases anti-corrosion resistance, reduces water resistance by 50%, buda concrete increases durability. The object of this research is the technology of preparation of high-strength concrete based on glass waste. Experiments have shown that when fine natural aggregate is replaced with glass waste, the strength of concrete decreases due to the lack of adhesion between the glass-cement stone particles. The amount of glass waste in fine natural sand is 30% of Shikhlar-Absheron deposit When used as a fine aggregate, gravel sand made of durable granite does not affect the strength of concrete by replacing 15% of the sand with a glass mixture. And only more than 30% of the glass waste in the sand can reduce the strength of concrete. When the crushed sand is completely replaced with glass waste, a maximum reduction in the strength of the concrete is obvious. The addition of a number of additives can change the properties and quality of concrete containing glass fragments. Today, water-resistant concrete products based on the composition of glass fragments are widespread. This type of concrete product meets the most advanced technological requirements. Also, this concrete is composed of environmentally friendly natural and clean elements, and this product is now widely used. As a result of the study, the study of the properties of high-strength concrete based on glass waste is discussed. Various glass wastes are used in construction to increase the strength of concrete composites and prevent environmental pollution.

    Keywords: glass waste, high-strength concrete, recycle, composite, granite waste

  11. OPTIMAL IN THE NATIONAL ENERGY SECTOR DIRECTIONS OF FORMATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE COMPLEX

    Authors: Nurlan Hajizada

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-80

    Year: 2022 Pages: 80-99

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    Abstract: The article deals with the relevance of more effective structural transformation through the introduction of new innovations using advanced world experience in the infrastructure complex of the energy sector of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this regard, the study also reflects the analysis and research on the directions of formation of optimal infrastructure complex in the energy sector. For this purpose, new development targets have been identified in the first chain of the national energy sector infrastructure complex against the background of progressive world experience analysis. For this purpose, the experience of leading world countries in oil and gas industry, including the United States of America, people's Republic of China, Russian Federation, Great Britain, Japan, South African Republic, Norway and others has been studied. The learning spectrum also covered the experience of well-known transnational corporations, including “Statoil”, “Schlumberger”, “Rosneft”, “Gazprom”, “Lukoil” and others. The existing positive trends in this sphere were based on systematized for application in the first chain of infrastructure complex of the national energy sector. Based on this, based on the analysis, the following were identified as the directions of formation of optimal infrastructure complex in the first chain of the national energy sector: • creation of a broad spectrum of continuously renewing energy potential; • increasing efficiency of production and processing of oil, gas and other energy resources and strengthening innovative supply of their production; • technological renewal of the fuel and energy complex and transition to energy-efficient strategic development model in this sphere in order to meet the growing domestic demand of the economy and ensure exports; • formation of a new system of institutions for the broad liberalization of the fuel and energy market and improvement of the relevant regulatory and legal framework. In addition, the achievements of Turkey, the Russian Federation, the Federal Republic of Germany and Great Britain were analyzed and evaluated to determine the principles of transition to the liberal market model in the second chain of the national energy sector infrastructure complex. The main components of this advanced practice have also been unified for application. Also, based on the analysis and research carried out in accordance with the requirements of the law of the “Republic of Azerbaijan on efficient use of energy resources and energy efficiency”, the author has prepared a scheme reflecting the transition of the National Electric Power system to a liberal market model. Based on the analysis and assessments covering both links of the energy sector, the author has developed an oligopolistic market model of the national energy infrastructure complex. The classification composition of the transformation of the optimal infrastructure complex in the national energy sector includes the following: • deposits and gas supply organizations located in dry areas are excluded from the structure of SOCAR and he continues to work as a transnational company that exploits offshore oil fields. In its structure, it retains its assets outside the country, as well as oil refining, deep foundations production and other directly necessary service areas. At the same time, it is considered appropriate to include in its functions the production of renewable energy sources; • a separate oil and gas producer concern is being set up in public-private cooperation, which manages the oil and gas industry in onshore areas from exploration to filling stations. The concern also implements a strategy for renewable energy production by converting some of the mining areas into energy farms (solar, wind, hydrogen, fast-growing plants and ethanol production by planting trees). • a separate vertically integrated state gas company is established, which carries out the reception, treatment, processing, storage, transportation and supply of gas. It also includes carbamide and methanol plants operating directly on gas raw materials. The gas distribution area is fully or partially allocated for privatization or transferred to private companies in pilot form for management; • the independence of the oil and gas chemistry complex is also assessed separately. At the same time, it is expedient to join “SOCAR Polymer” Plant, which produces polymers, into this complex; • In line with the reforms carried out in the country, the electric power sector is moving to a liberal market Model. Power plants remain in the state's view at the initial stage. Taking into account the strategic goals of the state, starting with relatively small power plants, their transfer or full privatization to independent and mixed management on the basis of rigid investment agreements is considered. In this sphere “Transmission System Operator for electric power” is being created, which includes high voltage transmission lines under full control of the state. In addition, the organization “Market Operator for electric energy” is established, which carries out the processes of wholesale electricity in the energy system, and is also under the full control of the state. In the distribution network system of electricity, full or partial privatization is carried out. The final results of our analysis on the formation of an optimal infrastructure complex in the national energy sector show that a fundamental transition to a liberal market model should be made in the country, and an optimal infrastructure complex should be formed here. The new infrastructure complex should be formed in an oligopolic model, reflecting the achievements of the most progressive world experience. Natural, environmental, political and economic factors that optimally influence the Bur sphere should be taken into account, the tariff and tax system should be improved, and the next stage of development in the energy sector should find continuous stimulation within the framework of Public-Private Partnership.

    Keywords: energy infrastructure, oil and gas industry, electricity, innovations, oligopoly, digital twins

  12. AREA DISTRIBUTION OF GAS SHOW (METHANE AND THE SUM OF HEAVY HYDROCARBONS) INTENSITY IN THE DEEPWATER PART OF THE SOUTH CASPIAN

    Authors: Alexander Poletayev, Yelena Poletayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-100

    Year: 2022 Pages: 100-106

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    Abstract: Geological structure of the Southen Caspian testifies to the possibility of significant volumes of gas. In this regard there occurred a necessity in the study of the Southen Caspian in order to distinguish zones of gas accumulation by area. The aim of the research is to study hydrocarbon gases intensity distribution by area, as well as to determine gas generation zones. The study also used gas survey data (1282 gas sam¬ples) acquired within the Southern Caspian, as well as data from geological and geophysical studies and other materials. The data were interpreted using the Kingdom Suite 2017 licensed software package. Research methods are based on interpretation of chemical composition of hydro¬car¬bon gases of the Southern Caspian. Maps of the methane, ethane, propane, butane, iso-, normal pentane were compiled for gas generation assessment within upper part of the section. The Bakhar field is characterized by a relatively low concentration of methane from 5,37×10-4 to 152944×10-4 % (average 9109,0354×10-4 %). The Shah Deniz oil and gas field is characterized by the maximum values from 4,6200×10-4 to 367,840×10-4 % (average of 85,572,3×10-4 %). The results of gas surveys within the deep water part of the South Caspian showed that gas generation is characteristic of this zone with two predominant components: methane and ethane. Intensive yields of methane homologs were established only in а number of zones near the struc-tures D-12, D-13, D-15, D-19, D-29, D-66, D-71, Guneshli, and Chirag. For other zones, the intensity of their occurrence is minimal. Thus, it can bе expected that gas hydrates bearing methane homologs will bе estab¬lished in the zones of structures D-12, D-13, D-15, D-19, D-29, D-66, and D-71. Analysis of the gas-geo¬chemical material shows that Anthropogene-Plio¬cene depo¬sits are characterized bу widespread intense hydrocarbon gas seeps, the activity of which varies depending on the territorial affiliation. Hydrocarbon gases that form in the diagenetic zone are present in sufficient volumes and can create crystallization sites. The formed gas hydrates cement marine sediments, making them practically impermeable to hydrocarbon gases. This significantly limits the diffusion dispersion of gas hydrocarbons and contributes to their retention. Another important factor is the increase in gas hydrates in stability zones. This is due to the influx of significant volumes of gas hydrates from the under lying sediments into stability zones. The substrate sed¬iments are underlying Pliocene-Quaternary deposits. Results of hydrocarbon gases intensity distribution study can be applied for evalua¬tion of a role of gas in the near surface layers of the geosphere, especially with regard to their possible impact on the ecology of the Caspian Sea region and gas hydrates.

    Keywords: Gas survey, South Caspian, faults, mud volcanoes, gas content

  13. THE PROBLEM OF SAND-WATER MANİFESTATİON IN OIL PRODUCTION

    Authors: Sakit Rasulov, Naib Zeynalov, Anar Zeynalov

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-107

    Year: 2022 Pages: 107-114

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    Abstract: Sand manifestation has been observed in both deep and shallow wells in areas with abnormally low pressure formations. In all cases, the appearance of sand and water creates complex problems. As a result of the collapse of the bottom whole zone, there are cases of bending and failure of pipelines in and above the filter. All this leads to long repairs. From the development of the well to its subsequent operation a number of processes occur, all of which affect the stability of the rocks weakens and creates conditions for the formation of sand manifestation. As a result of sand movement in the filter area, holes are formed, and the rock, which acts as a support for the operational pipeline, is destroyed and enters the pipeline through the perforated channels. The results of all these processes lead to deformation of the production pipeline, in some cases to the loss of the well. During the development and operation of wells to prevent the destruction of the filter zone and simultaneous sand plugging in the belt, are shown the conditions of the well flow rate. One of the most effective measures against sand-water manifestation is sand plug washing. It has been shown that during washing of sand plugs in production wells, small sand grains are carried out by the flow, but big sand grains sedimentation at the bottom of the well. The distribution of the particles in the flow is carrying out under the force of the earth's gravity at the Bolstmann distribution. It is explain with the increasing of the concentration of particles at the bottom of the well and decreasing at the top of the well. For the first time their hydrodynamic model of sedimentation in suspension has been given by the accepting of the participation of sand particles in the washing at the Bolstmann distribution. İt has been noted that ,although the effective washing of sand plug is an important measures, preventing of formation of sand plug remains as big challenge. After an effective washing of sand plug, it is necessary to applied measures against water manifestation. Otherwise, it is impossible to prevent of sand manifestation. Since high water flow rate (10 ÷ 20 m3/day) gradually destroys the borehole bottom-hole zone and in the filter zone a hole is formed, the wall of the well is destroyed. And this becomes a cause of huge complications. This is because that the water flow cannot destroy the isolation mass,which is applied against water to the layer. Thus, the most effective measure against sand-water manifestation should be consist of three successive integrated measures. Complex measures against sand and water appearance are suggested, which have found application in production.

    Keywords: well, sand manifestation, sand plug, cement solution, washing process

  14. RESEARCH OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF GOYGOL DISTRICT AS A BIOINTICATOR

    Authors: Shahla Nuhuyeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-115

    Year: 2022 Pages: 115-121

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    Abstract: The moss technique is widely used to monitor atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in many countries in Europe. State of the environmental and thus the health of the population largely depend on the state of the earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere basically consists of a mixture of natural gases. In addition, the air can contain pollutant gases, as well as suspensions of liquid or solid particulates. The particulates pass into the air either from natural sources (soil, rocks, water bodies and living organisms) or as a result of anthropogenic activity (industry, transport, fuel, human waste, etc.). Essentially, atmosphere is an aerosol system where solid particulates are dispersed in a mixture gases. Data from existing surveys of heavy metals concentrations in mosses is an invaluable resource for international negotiations on heavy metal pollution. The data from moss surveys allow examination of both spatial and temporal trends in heavy metal deposition, and identification of areas where there is high deposition of heavy metals from long-range atmospheric transport and local sources. Mosses effectively concentrate most heavy metals and other microelements from the air and precipitation. Mosses are usually tolerant to even a high pollution level. The most commonly used moss species in air pollution biomonitoring are Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi. It is easy to collect samples, and instrumental analysis of mosses is simpler than analysis of precipitation: the exposure period is easy to determine (3 year growth segments of mosses are usually taken for analysis) they can also be employed for studying temporal trends. The moss biomonitor method in combination with nuclear physics analysis techniques has been regularly used for the past three decades in Western Europe and in Asia as well. Thirty four countries signed the United Nations Convention for control of emissions of heavy metals in the air using biomonitoring (the Aarhus Protocol), Denmark in 1998 (as of 2004, it had 36 signatories). The United Nations Organization established a special economic Commission for Europe intended for shaping the scientific policy of the countries that signet the un Convention in the field of research on the critical ozone levels and evaluation of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe by the method based on the collection and analysis of moss biomonitors. The industrial and agricultural sectors have a significant anthropogenic impact on the environment. Moss biomonitoring technique is the first attempt to study the precipitation of heavy metals in Azerbaijan, a country with different relief and climate, using NAA. The study determined the precipitation of heavy metal pollutants in the Goygol, Dashkasan and Gadabay districts. Moss samples (mainly Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi) were collected from the studied areas. Concentrations of 44 elements were determined (Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Tm, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Th, U). The mosses two types Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens were taken for atmospheric deposition study of major and trace elements in Azerbaijan. Samples were collected at a distance of at least 300 m from main roads, at least 100 m from roads and at least 200 m from village, in forest glades or in open heath to reduce through-fall effects from the forest canopy. In order to make the moss samples representative for a reasonably large area, each sample was composed of four to six sub-samples collected within an area 10x10 m. Collected samples were stored in paper bags. A separate set of disposable polyethylene gloves was used for collection of each sample. The coordinates of the sampling sites were determined using GPS. The areas selected in the study (Goygol, Dashkasan, Gadabay districts) have long been subjected to intensive pollution by industry and various economic complexes. Especially in recent years, the elemental pollutants in these areas have not been fully investigated. At the same time, systematic information on environmental pollutants and sources of these pollutants, forecasting the levels of concentrations of heavy metals and other pollutants, as well as effective methods to reduce them have not been developed. For the first time, a database on the concentration of 44 elements in moss collected from the western part of Azerbaijan (Goygol, Dashkasan and Gadabay) was obtained. The higher pollution of Dashkasan and Gadabay areas compared to Goygol is due to the higher content of these elements in the rocks of these areas, as well as the presence of high levels of anthropogenic pollution from industrial wastes located in these areas. Multifunctional statistical analysis (FA) was used to identify and characterize various sources of pollution and to indicate the most polluted areas. FA is a very flexible technique for using orthogonal factor gaps and minimizing data matrices using predictions and / or transformations that give a known factor. Multidisciplinary statistical analysis of the obtained analytical results will allow to identify the main sources of pollution and assess the role of long-distance transport of pollutants.

    Keywords: biomonitor, moss, neutron activation, heavy metal

  15. THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROCESS OF INSTALLATION OF KNOCKOUT POTS ON GAS PIPELINE

    Authors: Fikret Seyfiyev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-122

    Year: 2022 Pages: 122-129

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    Abstract: Improving the factors of gas pipelines and optimizing the quality of transported gas is one of the main problems of the gas industry. To overcome these problems, gas treatment and transportation technology should be improved using the latest science and technology, and the efficiency and effectiveness of existing equipment should be increased. Sources of technological losses of gas are indicated, classification of losses on sources and facilities is given, it is noted that the losses are due to the lack of modern requirements for equipment used for gas collection, treatment, transportation and storage processes and equipment and technologies used in these systems. Due to the unsatisfactory performance of these devices and equipment, a large amount of liquid phase remains in the processed gas and is transferred to the transport system along with the gas. During transport, as a result of thermobaric influence of the environment, the thermodynamic parameters of the gas change and the process of condensation of hydrocarbon condensate and water vapor into liquids, i.e. phase transitions, resulting in changes in gas density and component composition. This, in turn, leads to an disbalance between the amount of gas delivered and received. The amount of gas losses in transport systems due to phase transitions varies depending on the seasons. On the other hand, under certain thermobaric conditions, retrograde phenomena such as "reverse condensation" and "reverse evaporation" can also occur. That is, evaporation can occur when the pressure increases, and condensation can occur when the pressure decreases. Due to the fact that the composition of the product produced during the depletion of the fields is constantly changing, the maximum condensing pressure set at the beginning of the development may not be sufficient for the next period. In this case, the lower temperature of the gas enriches it with water vapor and heavy hydrocarbons. Given that the main condition for the condensation of liquid vapors in the gas depends on the degree of saturation of the gas with vapors, then changes in pressure and temperature during transportation are important. Since phase transitions due to pressure and temperature changes during transportation were observed with hydrocarbon losses, gas “losses” were assessed based on physical and chemical analysis of gas samples taken from high and low pressure gas pipelines to assess these losses. Effective and efficient methods have been extensively studied and commented on in order to improve the factors of liquefied gas pipelines and optimize the transportation process. The structure, shape and properties of liquid-added gas streams were studied as a result of phase transformations in the gas stream under the influence of pressure, temperature and surfactants. In order to improve the factors of gas pipelines, to ensure that the quality of gas meets the standards, the methods of removing the liquid phase from the gas flow are explained and the effectiveness of these methods is verified. The main reasons for the removal of liquid additives from gas pipelines from the process with the help of condensate collectors and air pollution during operation are the release of ingredients from the shut-off valves and process equipment into the atmosphere. During the operation of condensate collectors, it is important that the level of contamination from the emissions of harmful substances from all sources is within the permissible concentration limits. In order to prevent the release of waste into the atmosphere during the installation and operation of condensate collectors in gas pipelines, environmental protection measures were taken and the possibility of calculating the amount of waste released into the atmosphere through the application of the "Ecologist-2.55" program.

    Keywords: Separation, gas, pipeline, condensate, temperature, liquid additives, atmosphere

  16. POSSIBILITY AND APPLICATION OF RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) SYSTEM IN ENTERPRISES

    Authors: Shafiqa Rasulzade

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei13022022-130

    Year: 2022 Pages: 130

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    Abstract: In today's evolving business environment, large companies have no choice but to avoid media packages. The main goal is to provide mechanization of workflow and save money. Thus, ERP systems have the ability to limit or expand an organization's capabilities and pave the way for competitiveness. Work technology systems are developed by updating the company to the latest type of work, tracking enterprise capabilities and job changes, reflecting enterprise structure and employee relationships, and ultimately leading to a competitive advantage. For this reason, organizations that use ERP for competitiveness need to redirect Human Resources activities, as these activities are important in a competitive platform. A way to gain a competitive advantage in the enterprise while helping to link it to other key functions of the organization in the enterprise Resource Planning integration systems, which tend to focus on both the essential elements and the results of the task, together with all human resource roles mentioned in the literature. shows. The changes taking place in the world, taking into account the impact of new and professional people on domestic competition and socio-economic development, resulting in a high level of global migration, large-scale steps to shape the scientific community, exemplary measures to improve the quality of human resources requires a re-evaluation of all theoretical approaches. In the age of new technologies, new changes in society allow the growing demand for enterprise resource planning and a more detailed study of this area. All this determines the relevance of the current topic. As in an enterprise, there are issues that need to be addressed in the management of the company. Thus, the formation of the staff of the organization is to determine that the ERP system brings the common patterns recorded more quickly. Training of employees in enterprises, accurate placement of personnel, as well as maneuvering are of paramount importance. The main work in improving the quality of human resources activities is the proper organization of enterprise resources. Proper human resource management is a key part of the new ERP. In recent times, in order to increase human resources in the world, changing the quality indicators sought in people, the formation of the concept of "human capital", along with economic, administrative, psychological and social means in human resource management began to use modern new management. As we have mentioned, one of the most important issues in the management of any enterprise is the application of the enterprise resource system, which is a tool designed to accelerate the registration and management processes of enterprise resources in enterprises and organizations. At a time when foreign and domestic competition is strong, the development of leadership in production, services and other areas is purely about how to manage human resources. For this reason, states and large enterprises attach greater importance to the use of human resources, and in this regard, the role and use of enterprise asset planning (ERP) programs in improving quality are of particular importance. Enhancing competitive features is one of the main goals of ERP apps. For this reason, all the functions of the system are focused on that implementation. To achieve this, it is possible to build a transparent and clearer business process management system based on complete and accurate information about the enterprise. In the new era, changes in the quality indicators sought by people to increase human capacity in the world, the formation of "human investment", the use of modern new basic management in the management of human resources, along with the dual, administrative, psychological and social means. As in all areas of humanity, the human factor is currently very much in the country of Azerbaijan, but also in the field of enterprise planning (ERP) is being done to increase the quality of human resources activities. Our country's development in terms of joining and growing global competition, use of more modern technologies in the human and economic space, increase in demand for education and other points written at the top “Record of organizational resources in increasing the efficiency of human resources activities (ERP) application capabilities of programs as well as their role” emphasizes the importance of research in the theme. The opportunities and role of human resource development programs have been the focus of more researchers and researchers on quality improvement, development, its aspects, the impact of increasing the rate of money development, and the use of enterprise capacity planning programs.

    Keywords: ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP applications, Human resources