Volume 149, Issue 3-4 (2024)

  1. RECENT SCENARIO-BASED GROUND MOTIONS AND INTENSITY MODELING OF SHAMKIR WATER RESERVOIR AREA

    Authors: Tural Babayev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-06

    Year: 2024 Pages: 6-14

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    Abstract: Models of seismic intensity level in the Shamkir water reservoir area employing ground motion equations and correlation relations are considered. Shamkir water reservoir area is located in the Jeyranchol tectonic sub-region of the Middle Kur depression. Nearly 2095 km2 is selected around the Shamkir water reservoir for seismic hazard assessment inves-tigation including regions of Shamkir, Tovuz, Ganja, Goygol, Samukh administrative dis-tricts. Geologically, the area is represented by Quaternary type of deposits. Shamkir and Yenikend water reservoirs are laid on Holocene sediments. In the research, the impact of the site effect, and the distance from the source to the the site are considered employing de¬terministic approach. A compatible GMPE (ground motion prediction equation) was se-lected to model the peak ground acceleration (PGA), one of the ground motion parame-ters in the bedrock of the studied region. Amplification factor was estimated, a coefficient that derives PGA on the ground from the PGA in the bedrock characterizing the site ef-fect. For the investigation, local-, near-, far- and remote-field scenario earthquakes were targeted. As the local-field, March 24th, 2023 Shamkir M4.1 earthquake was targeted. As the near-field target, November 29th, 2023 Mingachevir M4.5, as the far-field June 25th, 2023 Shaki M3.0 and as the remote-field, January 23rd, 2021 Nakhchivan, Shahbuz M4.2 earthquakes were selected. The study area was divided into 5 km * 5 km grids in order to estimate the parameters encompassing d, the epicentral distance, R, the hypocentral dis-tance, amplification factor. Finally, the paper presents spatial distribution of hypocentral distance, amplification factor, PGA in the bedrock and on the ground and intensity on the MSK-64 scale. The estimation of the epicentral distance for each target earthquake and gridding process of the study area were done by utilizing ArcGIS 10.7 software. Ground PGA varies between 99-439 gals for the studied area while the bedrock PGA varies 183-399 gals. The seismic intensity level for the investigated area is characterized as VIII on MSK-64 scale.

    Keywords: seismic hazard assessment, ground motion prediction equation, peak ground acceleration, intensity, amplification factor, site effect, scenario earthquake

  2. INVESTIGATION OF MIXTURES OF AMIDES BASED ON SOAPSTOCK AND SUNFLOWER FATTY ACIDS IN DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS AS ADDITIVES TO BITUME

    Authors: Teyyub Ismayilov, Gultakin Guliyeva, Rufana Alizade, Rahima Farhadova, Gulnar Valiyeva, Tofiq Aliyev, Sevda Rzayeva

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-15

    Year: 2024 Pages: 15-22

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    Abstract: Amides were synthesized by mixing soapstock, which is a waste of cottonseed oil, and polyethylene polyamine in different mass ratios. The reaction was carried out by stirring for 4 hours at a temperature of 140-145°C in a beaker equipped with a mixer, heater and thermometer. After obtaining the amide, the reaction product was cooled to 80°C, the necessary amount of heavy phlegm was added to it and mixed well, then it was collected in closed containers for use. At the same time, sunflower oil acid was obtained by hydrolysis, amide was synthesized with hexamethylene¬diamine in a mol ratio of 2:1, and the reaction was carried out in a three-necked flask equipped with a mixer, heater and thermometer. For this purpose, sunflower oil acid was first filled into a three-necked flask, a mixer and a heater were turned on, the required amount of hexamethylenediamine was added and the temperature was raised to 140°C, and the reaction was continued at this temperature for 4 hours. Compo¬siti¬ons in three mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) were prepared by mixing amides synthesized on the basis of soapstock polyethylene polyamine and acid of sunflower oil hexamethylenediamine. These compositions were added as an additive to bitumen using gravel in quantities of 0.4 and 0.6% and its effect on quality indicators was studied. It has been established that the quality indicators of bitumen improve significantly after the introduction of the additive. So, after adding these compounds to bitumen using gravel, its adhesive ability increases to 1 point, whereas it is 3 points. Brittleness decreases from -18 to -26, while penetration increa¬ses from 48 to 55 and tensile strength from 75 cm to 100 cm.

    Keywords: soapstock, hexamethylenediamine, polyethylene polyamine, fragility tempera¬tu¬re, adhe¬sion, penetration, tensile

  3. RESEARCH OF BITTER WORMWOOD (ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L.) OIL BY PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL METHODS

    Authors: Aisha Hasanova, Aynur Nasirova, Kamala Alieva, Sevinj Abbasova, Afshana Bayramova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-23

    Year: 2024 Pages: 23-30

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    Abstract: Wormwood (Artemisia L.) is a plant used as a raw material in medicine and cosmetology. Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium L.) is widely distributed in the wild in the Western region, one of the main regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The above-ground part of bitter wormwood consists of organic biologically active components and is the main source of raw materials in the preparation of pharmacological agents. That is why various types of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products obtained from wormwood oil have been widely used in medicine in recent years. In our research work, the results of the substances obtained from the steam distillation method of the bitter wormwood plant growing wild in the Western region were presented The average yield of the oil obtained from the steam distillation of the above-ground part of bitter wormwood is 2.0±2.26%, based on the dry raw material of the plant. The essential oil obtained from medicinally important bitter wormwood, which contains organic biologically active components, was studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopic method and its composition was studied.

    Keywords: bitter wormwood, biologically active component, essential oil, infrared spectroscopy, steam distillation

  4. MODELING OF VISCOPLASTIC HEAVY OILS

    Authors: Fatma Shikhieva, Vafa Karimli

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-31

    Year: 2024 Pages: 31-39

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    Abstract: This study focuses on crude oil rheology connected to production, one of the areas where rheology is significant in the oil and gas sector. An overview of the wide range of rheolog-ical behavior observed in petroleum fluids, together with the related investigative ap-proaches, is provided in this work. Building a rheological model for heavy oils is the main goal of this work, which will include free settling of particles, structure development by particles present in the volume, and oil filtration through anisotropic porous media. In ac-cordance with a range of experimental data, rheological models of viscous-plastic heavy oils are examined and produced. It is possible to generalize many of the current models by proposing new rheological models for viscous-plastic heavy oils. The conditions for the creation of disordered structures in the bulk of the oil flow are observed to determine the diversity of rheological models for heavy oils. An effective viscosity of oil, pressure gradi-ent, shear stress, and several other parameters are taken into consideration in a nonline-ar equation for filtering in porous medium for heavy oils. An analytical solution that matches with the experimental data is suggested for this equation.

    Keywords: heavy oils, effective viscosity, structure formation, asphaltenes, rheological models, processing, settling

  5. SOLVING SELECTION OF CONTRACTOR PROBLEM BY USING FUZZY MCDM METHOD

    Authors: Könül Jabbarova, Aynur Jabbarova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-40

    Year: 2024 Pages: 40-44

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    Abstract: Multi-criteria decision making models are best techniques for make good decision. There-fore, in this paper the choose best contractor among the alternatives is used TOPSIS method. The considered problem consists of five major criteria: financial situation, man-agement capability of contractor, technical ability of contractors, health and safety, reputa-tion and four alternative. The decision matrix of the issue is presented by fuzzy numbers. For solution the problem the arithmetic operations over the fuzzy numbers and algorithm of offered method are used. The obtained results demonstrate suitability of suggested ap-proach.

    Keywords: Ranking, contractor, TOPSIS method, fuzzy number

  6. APPLICATION OF Z NUMBERS IN DECISION MAKING METHODS

    Authors: Gunay Huseynzada

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-45

    Year: 2024 Pages: 45-50

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    Abstract: In today's complex and data-driven world, decision making is increasingly reliant on in-formation and its effective interpretation. This paper delves into the realm of Z infor-mation-based decision making models, a contemporary approach that integrates cutting-edge techniques from data science, artificial intelligence, and decision theory. The Z in-formation-based models go beyond standard techniques by leveraging modern algo-rithms to interpret massive amounts of structured and unstructured data, resulting in bet-ter informed and optimal decision-making processes. This study covers the theoretical ba-sis of Z information-based decision making models, investigates their practical applica-tions in sectors such as banking, healthcare, marketing education, economy, supply and demand factors, and considers the field's challenges and future possibilities. This paper attempts to provide significant insights into the changing environment of decision making in the age of big data and advanced analytics by conducting a thorough review and syn-thesis of previous material. The Z-number theory is used to describe real-world imperfec-tion and allows us to assess the trustworthiness of information, particularly in economics, forecasting, and decision-making. We devised researched approaches for identifying Z-valued feasible solutions. Prof. L. Zadeh proposed operations for computing with Z-numbers that allows analyse the optimal solutions with Z-numbers. A Z-number is an or-dered pair of fuzzy numbers, and we cannot use typical methods to determine the optimal solution to the different problems.

    Keywords: decision making models, Z number, Z information, fuzzy numbers, infor-mation reliability

  7. VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN UNITY ENVIRONMENT WITH ML AGENTS

    Authors: Rahim Mammadzada, Rufat Mammadzada

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-51

    Year: 2024 Pages: 51-57

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    Abstract: In this paper, an innovative approach to controlling temperature was made. Using Unity as our chosen platform, we crafted a virtual environment, that replicates the real-world temperature change dynamics. For this, a virtual environment mimics an enclosed area with a virtual heat source. Additionally, this environment’s area and air density were also taken into consideration. Then, a virtual sensor and cooler were added for detecting and adjusting the environment temperature. Finally, the ML agent package was integrated for controlling temperature with RL. This integration consisted of adding a script that inherits from the agent class and has environment, sensor, and cooler as variables. In each epi-sode, there was a time duration in which both environment's temperature change was calculated and the reward was set to be given only when the environment's temperature was at a certain range. The empirical findings show the efficiency of our approach, show-casing the system's ability to adapt and optimize temperature regulation parameters over successive iterations. By successfully integrating Unity and ML agents, our study under-scores the transformative potential of harnessing virtual environments and machine learning for advancing temperature control technologies.

    Keywords: unity, ml agents, temperature control, virtual environment, reinforcement learning

  8. OBTAINING A COMBUSTIBLE GAS MIXTURE BY GASIFICATION OF OIL RESIDUE USING SOLAR ENERGY

    Authors: Oktay Salamov, Roza Mustafayeva, Islam Mustafayev

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-57

    Year: 2024 Pages: 57-67

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    Abstract: The article discusses the issues of studying the patterns of pyrolysis and gasification of fuel oil in a high-temperature solar furnace in the temperature range of 500÷1000°C, with the aim of obtaining a combustible gas mixture consisting of H2+CO+CH4. In this case, a parabolic concentrator with a diameter of 1.5 m is used as a solar furnace, and a thermochemical reactor with a cylindrical configuration, with a diameter of 10-15 cm and a length of 30 cm, made of stainless steel, is used as a gas generator. The pyrolysis process is carried out without access to oxygen, and gasification is carried out in the presence of water vapor as an oxidizing agent. It has been determined that during the gasification process, up to 84% of the volume of fuel oil is converted into flammable gas mixtures consisting of the above components. The paper discusses some kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the thermochemical conversion of fuel oil using solar energy. As a result of experiments, it was found that the minimum temperature for gasification is 6000C, and the optimal temperature of the gasification process is 9000C. It has been determined that during the pyrolysis of fuel oil, as the temperature increases from 500 to 8000C, the share of H2 and CH4 increases, in the temperature range from 500 to 7000C, the share of C2H4 also increases, and with a further increase in temperature to 8000C, it decreases. The share of the remaining components (C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, C4H8 and CO) decreases as the temperature increases. During gasification, the proportion of H2 increases as the temperature rises to 8000C, and then falls. The amount of CH4 increases up to a temperature of 8000C, and then increases. The proportion of C2H4 increases up to a temperature of 7000C and then stabilizes. The proportion of C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 decreases as the temperature increases, and CO increases. During gasification, C4H8 does not occur at all.

    Keywords: solar energy, parabolic concentrator, thermochemical reactor, fuel oil, pyrolysis, gasification, combustible gas mixtures, water vapor, evaporator, dispenser

  9. THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

    Authors: Gunel Safarova

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149032024-68

    Year: 2024 Pages: 68-73

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    Abstract: In article, in order to assess the current economic activity of enterprises and indicators of scientific and technological progress based on the innovative economy, the importance of managing emerging innovation risks is substantiated. Also, synergistic approaches to a brief interpretation of uncertainty factors, the concepts of “risk” and “innovation risk” in an innovative economy have been studied, the main tasks and features of managing exist-ing risks, especially innovative risks, are analyzed.

    Keywords: innovative economy, innovative risks, riskology, risk management, uncertainty